{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:24:56Z","timestamp":1772166296759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cardiothorac Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the diagnostic accuracy and safety of trans-thoracic echocardiography alone for indicating surgery by correlating preoperative trans-thoracic echocardiography with intra-operative findings in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) in a low resource, low volume center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pre-operative trans-thoracic echocardiography and intra-operative findings of two hundred and fifty patients with CHD, undergoing surgery at the National Cardiothoracic Centre (NCTC), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, from 2012 to 2017 were prospectively compared. Included in this prospective study, were all patients with CHD who had trans-thoracic echocardiography alone at the NCTC. Excluded were patients who were operated at the NCTC based on echocardiography done elsewhere, those who had echocardiography at the NCTC but were operated elsewhere, as well as those whose operative decision were based on cardiac catheterization or CT angiography and patients with acquired heart defects. The analysis included profiling of patients on different demographic and clinical parameters. SPSS software was used for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 250 patients ages ranged from 2\u00a0months to 60\u00a0years. The mean was 4\u00a0years 95\u00a0days, median 1\u00a0year 180\u00a0days. The female sex accounted for 152 (60.6%). The preoperative trans-thoracic echocardiography correlated with intra-operative findings completely in 228 (91.2%) of patients, affirming the accuracy of this imaging modality. There were however, 19 (7.6%) false negatives and 3 (1.2%) false positive. Neither the false positive nor false negative errors resulted in complications or adversely affected the surgical outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the results of this study, preoperative transthoracic echocardiography done by cardiologists at the National Cardiothoracic Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, demonstrated a high correlation with intraoperative findings. Echocardiography also proved to be sensitive, accurate and safe for indicating surgery in patients with congenital heart disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T07:02:59Z","timestamp":1636786979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of preoperative trans-thoracic echocardiography with intraoperative findings in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing surgery: a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-2858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiah Miner","family":"Njem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Edwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1711_CR1","first-page":"381","volume":"84","author":"ML Lilian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lilian ML, Ana PD, Glaucia NO, Terezinha JF, Celia TN, Glaucia MP, et al. Role of echocardiography as an isolated method for indicating surgery in patients with congenital heart disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(5):381\u20136.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"1711_CR2","first-page":"28","volume":"33","author":"T Wyne","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wyne T, Doff BM, Michael MB, Mohan RV, Frank LA, Norman HS. Echo diagnosis alone for the repair of major congenital heart defects. J Am coll cardiol. 1999;33:28\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am coll cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1711_CR3","first-page":"394","volume":"70","author":"YS Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi YS. Preoperative cardiac evaluation with transthoracic echocardiography before non-cardiac surgery. Korean J Anaesthetist. 2017;70(4):394\u20137.","journal-title":"Korean J Anaesthetist"},{"issue":"3","key":"1711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.137258","volume":"30","author":"S Sudhakar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sudhakar S, Anurag T. Preoperative echocardiography: evidence or experience based utilization in non-cardiac surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014;30(3):313\u20135.","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR5","first-page":"3","volume":"11","author":"R Abhishek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abhishek R, Nilesh O, Bhavesh T, Rajiv G, Komal S, Iva P. Accuracy of different imaging modalities prior to biventricular repair in tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Med. 2016;11(1):3\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1711_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex055","volume":"118","author":"Y Uda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uda Y, Cowie B, Kluger R. Comparison of preoperative and intraoperative assessment of aortic stenosis severity by echocardiography. Br J Anaesthesia. 2017;118(5):699\u2013704.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"1711_CR7","first-page":"s111","volume":"83","author":"J Soongswang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Soongswang J, Nana A, Laohasitiporn D, Durongpisitkul K, Kangkagate C, et al. Limitation of transthoracic echo in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000;83(suppl 2):s111\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"3","key":"1711_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00245-Y","volume":"26","author":"S Alessandro","year":"1995","unstructured":"Alessandro S, Silja S, Jackie M, et al. Trans-thoracic three dimensional echocardiography in adult patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(3):759\u201367.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1711_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)00511-1","volume":"68","author":"PP Jean","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jean PP, Pascal AB, Thiery PC, Franco PS. Paediatric open heart operations without diagnostic catherization. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:532\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR10","first-page":"59","volume":"2","author":"M Abhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abhi M, Madhavan JS, Ghuma BP, Ravi R, Ajay K, Vikas D, et al. Impact and cost effectiveness of routine intraoperative transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography on surgical decision making in paediatric cardiac surgery. J Perioperat Echo. 2014;2(1):59.","journal-title":"J Perioperat Echo"},{"key":"1711_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(84)80222-3","volume":"4","author":"MD Freed","year":"1984","unstructured":"Freed MD, Nadas AS, Norwood WI, Casteneda AR. Is routine preoprerative cardiac catheterization necessary before repair of secundum and sinus venosus atrial septal defects. J Am coll cardiol. 1984;4:333\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am coll cardiol"},{"key":"1711_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin K. Transthoracic echocardiography in children and young adults with congenital heart disease. ISRN Paediatrics 2012, article ID 753481, 2012.","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/753481"},{"key":"1711_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.875021","volume":"3","author":"P Ashwin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashwin P, Andrew JP, Tal G. Multimodal noninvasive imaging for assessment of congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:112\u201325.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"1711_CR14","first-page":"2","volume":"8","author":"K Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin K, Mark KF, William R, Eirik N, George H. Non invasive imaging for congenital heart disease; recent innovations in trans-thoracic echocardiography. J Clin Exp Cardiolog. 2012;8:2.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog"},{"key":"1711_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jeq043","volume":"11","author":"F Robert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robert F, Kneeshaw J, Fox K, Bettex D, Erb J, Flaschkampf F, et al. Recommendations for reporting perioperative transoesophageal studies. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:387\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(00)00278-3","volume":"74","author":"JP Pfammatter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pfammatter JP, Berdat P, Hammerli M, Carrel T. Paediatric cardiac surgery after exclusive echocardiography-based diagnostic work-up. Int J Cardiol. 2000;74(2\u20133):185\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1711_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e328323d86f","volume":"24","author":"L Mertens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mertens L. The gold standard for noninvasive imaging in congenital heart disease. Echocardiography Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24(2):119\u201324.","journal-title":"Echocardiography Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"1711_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael S, Ernest SS, Chandrakant RP, Kenneth GK (1999) Cost and Cost effectiveness of routine transoesophageal echocardiography in congenital heart disease. Am Heart Journal (impact Factors 4:56) 138(4 pt 1):771\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70195-X"},{"key":"1711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ana OM: Role of echocardiography in research in to neglected cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Gaze D (ed) The cardiovascular system\u2014Physiology, diagnostic and clinical implications. InTech, ISBN: 978\u2013953\u201351\u20130534\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/30321","DOI":"10.5772\/30321"},{"key":"1711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960140503","volume":"14","author":"ES Matthew","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matthew ES. Doppler echocardiography versus cardiac catheterization in the evaluation of valvular heart disease;\u201d Do we have a gold standard?\u201d. Am J Clin Cardiol. 1991;14:369\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acv","volume":"104","author":"MS John","year":"2011","unstructured":"John MS, Owen M. Three dimensional chocardiography in congenital heart disease. Arc Cardiovasc Disease. 2011;104(1):45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acv.","journal-title":"Arc Cardiovasc Disease"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T19:09:10Z","timestamp":1636830550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13019-021-01711-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-122894\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1749-8090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of the hospital as well as informed consent from the patients and parents in the case of children.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from patients and in the case of children from parents for the publication of this article and any accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"332"}}