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However, its association with spread through air spaces (STAS) remains largely unexplored. We aimed to explore the correlation between the CTR of primary tumors and STAS in peripheral T1N0M0 lung adenocarcinoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collected data from patients who underwent surgery for malignant lung neoplasms between January and November 2022. Univariate and multivariate analyses following propensity-score matching with sex, age, BMI, were performed to identify the independent risk factors for STAS. The incidence of STAS was compared based on pulmonary nodule type. A smooth fitting curve between CTR and STAS was produced by the generalized additive model (GAM) and a multiple regression model was established using CTR and STAS to determine the dose-response relationship and calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      17 (14.5%) were diagnosed with STAS. The univariate analysis demonstrated that the history of the diabetes, size of solid components, spiculation, pleural indentation, pulmonary nodule type, consolidation\/tumor ratio of the primary tumor were statistically significant between the STAS-positive and STAS-negative groups following propensity-score matching(\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047, 0.049, 0.030, 0.006, 0.026, and &lt;\u20090.001, respectively), and multivariate analysis showed that the pleural indentation was independent risk factors for STAS (with\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value and 95% CI of 0.043, (8.543\u201368.222)). Moreover, the incidence of STAS in the partially solid nodule was significantly different from that in the solid nodule and ground-glass nodule (Pearson Chi-Square\u2009=\u20097.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024). Finally, the smooth fitting curve showed that CTR tended to be linearly associated with STAS by GAM, and the multivariate regression model based on CTR showed an OR value of 1.24 and a p-value of 0.015.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In peripheral stage IA lung adenocarcinoma, the risk of STAS was increased with the solid component of the primary tumor. The pleural indentation of the primary tumor could be used as a predictor in evaluating the risk of the STAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-024-02498-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T02:02:36Z","timestamp":1705975356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The correlation between tumor radiological features and spread through air spaces in peripheral stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Qing","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911793","volume":"382","author":"HJ de Koning","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Heuvelmans MA, Lammers JJ, Weenink C, Yousaf-Khan U, Horeweg N, van \u2018t Westeinde S, Prokop M, Mali WP, Mohamed Hoesein FAA, van Ooijen PMA, Aerts J, den Bakker MA, Thunnissen E, Verschakelen J, Vliegenthart R, Walter JE, Ten Haaf K, Groen HJM, Oudkerk M. 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