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Four years later, the patient developed neck pain on the right side and chest computed tomography showed expansion of fluid in the mediastinum which had extended to the neck. Echocardiography revealed advanced severity of aortic regurgitation and decreased ejection fraction. Given the progression of aortic regurgitation, decreased cardiac function, and rapidly expanding fluid accumulation causing neck pain, reoperation was indicated. All microbiological test including polymerase chain reaction were negative indicating absence of any infection. The patient is being followed-up without antibiotics and CT has not shown peri-graft fluid 2 years postoperatively. Since infection cannot be excluded completely, it is important to assess the condition with selective medium, extended culture periods, genetic testing, and consultations with microbiology laboratories when normal culture tests for general bacteria, and fungi are negative which can help avoid drug-resistant bacteria count, elevated medical costs, and drug side effects due to the improper use of antibiotics through proper diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-024-02504-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T08:02:39Z","timestamp":1705996959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinguishing sterile inflammation from graft infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Atsuyuki","family":"Mitsuishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.4.g00jl12977","volume":"20","author":"DF Orton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orton DF, LeVeen RF, Saigh JA, Culp WC, Fidler JL, Lynch TJ, et al. 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