{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T23:28:08Z","timestamp":1786663688659,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cardiothorac Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are very few publications on unplanned excisions of great saphenous vein leiomyosarcomas (GSV-LMS). We describe a 64-year-old female patient with multiple leiomyosarcoma in the great saphenous vein (a total of 13 lesions) with lung metastasis. The patient was initially misdiagnosed and underwent a repeat surgical intervention. During the follow-up, a pulmonary nodule showed progressive enlargement, and the patient underwent pulmonary surgery. confirmed it to be a metastatic lesion. While some literature has documented this disease, the multidisciplinary treatment has not been emphasized, and the high incidence of lung metastasis has been overlooked. This is crucial importance of early identification and precise evaluation of lung metastasis. Given the paucity of cases, our case contributes valuable insights into the treatment approach necessary for optimal outcomes in GSV-LMS with lung metastasis. Multidisciplinary and aggressive treatment, under the guidance of the thoracic surgeon, remain paramount to improving survival in this rare malignancy with metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:34:53Z","timestamp":1780709693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple leiomyosarcoma of great saphenous vein with lung metastasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shibo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959050","volume":"44","author":"E Aufrecht","year":"1868","unstructured":"Aufrecht E. Ein myom der vena saphena. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1868;44:133\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med"},{"key":"4368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-215829","author":"WW Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin WW, Erkan S, Smith RC, Sieunarine K. Leiomyosarcoma of great saphenous vein localised to the calf. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2016-215829.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4368_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.12.018","volume":"32","author":"XS Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang XS, Wang ZG. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein: case report. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32(2):222\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2011.01.002","volume":"50","author":"C Bibbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bibbo C, Schroeder M. Review of vascular leiomyosarcoma and report of a case localized to the greater saphenous vein of the ankle. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(3):329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19841115)54:10<2147::AID-CNCR2820541015>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"54","author":"\u00d6 Berlin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berlin \u00d6, Stener B, Kindblom L-G, Angervall L. Leiomyosarcomas of venous origin in the extremities. A correlated clinical, roentgenologic, and morphologic study with diagnostic and surgical implications. Cancer. 1984;54(10):2147\u201359.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"4368_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769020-00019","author":"M Humphrey","year":"1987","unstructured":"Humphrey M, Neff J, Lin F, Krishnan L. Leiomyosarcoma of the saphenous vein. A case report and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-198769020-00019.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"4368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.04.021","volume":"38","author":"R Cangiano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cangiano R, Orlandino G, Patitucci G, Lembo F, Fabrizio T. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein: case report and review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;38:315.e1-.e7.","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"4368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hana SS, Sarah Jane C, Dan G 3rd, Young B, Kevin K, Zachary WS. FW. Surgical outcomes of patients with inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2024; 12(4) :1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101885"},{"key":"4368_CR9","unstructured":"Michael N, Randall DM, Francesco S, Filippo B, Giovanni DC, Elizabeth LC et al. Surgical resection and graft replacement for primary inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma: A multicenter experience. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021; 10(3)."},{"key":"4368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.110448","author":"KS Jens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jens KS, Dirk CS, Myles JS, Khin T, Aisha BM, Shane HZ, et al. Management of peripheral-vein leiomyosarcomas, recurrence patterns and individualised treatment strategy. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.110448.","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"4368_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24244","author":"C Ferdinando Carlo Maria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferdinando Carlo Maria C, Chiara M, Maria Grazia B, Andrea M, Rita DS, Piergiuseppe C, et al. Role of surgery in the multimodal treatment of primary and recurrent leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. J Surg Oncol. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jso.24244.","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"4368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvscit.2023.101399","author":"A Ammar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ammar A, Hussein A, Mohammad A, Mohammadreza Z. Great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma mimicking thrombosed aneurysm: a case report and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvscit.2023.101399.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech"},{"key":"4368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.12.018","author":"XS Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang XS, Wang ZG. Primary leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein: case report. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.12.018.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"4368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq039","volume":"21","author":"A Italiano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Italiano A, Toulmonde M, Stoeckle E, Kind M, Kantor G, Coindre JM, et al. Clinical outcome of leiomyosarcomas of vascular origin: comparison with leiomyosarcomas of other origin. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(9):1915\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711160106","author":"E Gross","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gross E, Horton MA. Leiomyosarcoma of the saphenous vein. J Pathol. 1975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1711160106.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"4368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saglik Y, Icli F, Uluoglu O, Isiklar ZU. Leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein. Int Orthop 1992; 16(2).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00180214"},{"key":"4368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stringer BD. Leiomyosarcoma of artery and vein. Am J Surg 1977; 134(1).","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90289-6"},{"key":"4368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ReixT, Sevestre H, Sevestri-Pietri MA, Szychta P, Pietri J. Primary malignant tumors of the venous system in the lower extremities. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12(6):589-96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s100169900205","DOI":"10.1007\/s100169900205"},{"key":"4368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzsinich C, Gloviczki P, van Heerden JA, Nagorney DM, Pairolero PC, Johnson CM et al. Primary venous leiomyosarcoma: a rare but lethal disease. J Vasc Surg 1992;15(4):595-603.","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(92)90003-Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"4368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-007-3588-3","volume":"38","author":"E Mammano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mammano E, Zanon A, Picchi G, Rossi CR, Rossi G, Cosci M, et al. Primary great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma: report of a case. Surg Today. 2008;38(2):161\u20132.","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"issue":"8","key":"4368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14744","volume":"35","author":"A G\u00fcner","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcner A, G\u00fcner EG, Sancar KM, Onan B, B\u00fcy\u00fckp\u0131narba\u015f\u0131l\u0131 N, Ert\u00fcrk M, et al. Cardiac metastasis of great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma. J Card Surg. 2020;35(8):2029\u201332.","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"4368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh MH, Gonzalez MR, Heiling HM, Mazzola E, Connolly JJ, Choy E et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in localized, resectable extremity and truncal soft tissue sarcoma and survival outcomes \u2013 A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2025;131(5).","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35792"},{"issue":"3","key":"4368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23592","volume":"113","author":"N Pervaiz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pervaiz N, Colterjohn N, Farrokhyar F, Tozer R, Figueredo A, Ghert M. A systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adjuvant chemotherapy for localized resectable soft\u2010tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2008;113(3):573\u201381.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"4368_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Dong B, Hou C, Sun L, He G, Hu Q. Great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma: a rare case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2025; 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1589001"},{"issue":"19","key":"4368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17193158","volume":"17","author":"MA Vaz-Salgado","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vaz-Salgado MA, Valverde-Morales C, Alvarez R, Asencio JM, Collado E, de Alava E, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of soft tissue sarcomas: Spanish group for research in sarcomas (GEIS) guidelines. Cancers. 2025;17(19):3158.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"4","key":"4368_CR26","first-page":"415","volume":"12","author":"I Szasz","year":"1969","unstructured":"Szasz I, Barr R, Scobie T. Leiomyosarcoma arising from veins:two cases and a review of the literature on venous neoplasms. Can J Surg. 1969;12(4):415\u20139.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"4368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlin \u00d6, Stener B, Kindblom LG, Angervall L. Leiomyosarcomas of venous origin in the extremities. A correlated clinical, roentgenologic, and morphologic study with diagnostic and surgical implications. Cancer 1984; 54(10).","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19841115)54:10<2147::AID-CNCR2820541015>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"4368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enzo M, Antonio Z, Gianfranco P, Carlo Riccardo R, Gianmaria R, Marco C et al. Primary great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma: report of a case. Surg Today 2008; 38(2):161-2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00595-007-3588-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-007-3588-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"4368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2013.03.008","volume":"46","author":"B Amato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amato B, Compagna R, Gasbarro V, Serra R, de Franciscis S. Great Saphenous Vein and Leiomyosarcoma. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;46(1):157.","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"4368_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmet G, Ezgi GG, Kadriye MS, Burak O, Nur B, Mehmet E et al. Cardiac metastasis of great saphenous vein leiomyosarcoma. J Card Surg 2020; 35(8):2029-2032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocs.14744","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14744"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:57:51Z","timestamp":1786661871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13019-026-04368-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-8090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research was approved by local Ethical Committee (Ethical Committee of Qingdao Municipal Hospital).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The patient\u2019s agreement to publish their case details and images was obtained and there was no need for ethical approval for this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"567"}}