{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T16:00:04Z","timestamp":1794585604949,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2019YFC1712204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1712204"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81873369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Graduate Research Innovation Project of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["YJSKC-20191007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSKC-20191007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dfcz246","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chin Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acupuncture is used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions and diseases. However, the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory action are complex and have not been systematically investigated. Macrophages are key components of the innate immune system, thus, balancing the M1\/M2 macrophage ratio and modulating cytokine levels in the inflammatory environment may be desirable therapeutic goals. Evidence has shown that acupuncture has anti-inflammatory actions that affect multiple body systems, including the immune, locomotory, endocrine, nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems, by downregulating pro-inflammatory M1 and upregulating anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, as well as by modulating associated cytokine secretion. Macrophage polarization is controlled by the interlocking pathways of extrinsic factors, the local tissue microenvironment, and the neural-endocrine-immune systems. It has been suggested that polarization of T lymphocytes and cytokine secretions resulting in modulation of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, may be upstream mechanisms of acupuncture-induced macrophage polarization. We further propose that macrophage polarization could be the principal pathway involved in acupuncture immune regulation and provide the scientific basis for the clinical application of acupuncture in inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1626667415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The role of macrophage polarization and associated mechanisms in regulating the anti-inflammatory action of acupuncture: a literature review and perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.034462","volume":"11","author":"SA Hobson-Gutierrez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hobson-Gutierrez SA, Carmona-Fontaine C. The metabolic axis of macrophage and immune cell polarization. Dis Model Mech. 2018;11(8):dmm034462.","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"issue":"2","key":"466_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1324-0","volume":"29","author":"L Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao L, He C. Polarization of macrophages and microglia in inflammatory demyelination. Neurosci Bull. 2013;29(2):189\u201398.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.001","volume":"636","author":"Y Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei Y, Dong M, Zhong L, et al. Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and immunologic function contributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture in the OVA-induced murine asthma model. Neurosci Lett. 2017;636:177\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04766-7","volume":"7","author":"WJ Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song WJ, Li Q, Ryu MO, et al. TSG-6 Secreted by Human Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by Inducing M2 Macrophage Polarization in Mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5187.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0783-2","volume":"17","author":"BS Ouyang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ouyang BS, Gao J, Che JL, et al. Effect of electro-acupuncture on tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood and joint synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(7):505\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.014","volume":"52","author":"C Bl\u00e9riot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bl\u00e9riot C, Chakarov S, Ginhoux F. Determinants of Resident Tissue Macrophage Identity and Function. Immunity. 2020;52(6):957\u201370.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6005","key":"466_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","volume":"330","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M, et al. Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science. 2010;330(6005):841\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6304","key":"466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4238","volume":"353","author":"E Mass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mass E, Ballesteros I, Farlik M, et al. Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis. Science. 2016;353(6304):aaf4238.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.011","volume":"42","author":"G Hoeffel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoeffel G, Chen J, Lavin Y, et al. C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages. Immunity. 2015;42(4):665\u201378.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3324","volume":"17","author":"F Ginhoux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ginhoux F, Schultze JL, Murray PJ, Ochando J, Biswas SK. New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(1):34\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.004","volume":"38","author":"D Hashimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hashimoto D, Chow A, Noizat C, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity. 2013;38(4):792\u2013804.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12224","volume":"262","author":"R Gentek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gentek R, Molawi K, Sieweke MH. Tissue macrophage identity and self-renewal. Immunol Rev. 2014;262(1):56\u201373.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.026","volume":"37","author":"E Zigmond","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zigmond E, Varol C, Farache J, et al. Ly6C hi monocytes in the inflamed colon give rise to proinflammatory effector cells and migratory antigen-presenting cells. Immunity. 2012;37(6):1076\u201390.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.004","volume":"39","author":"S Tamoutounour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamoutounour S, Guilliams M, Montanana Sanchis F, et al. Origins and functional specialization of macrophages and of conventional and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in mouse skin. Immunity. 2013;39(5):925\u201338.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6161","key":"466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242974","volume":"342","author":"MH Sieweke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sieweke MH, Allen JE. Beyond stem cells: self-renewal of differentiated macrophages. Science. 2013;342(6161):1242974.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7121","key":"466_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","volume":"444","author":"GS Hotamisligil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006;444(7121):860\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"466_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132532","volume":"27","author":"FO Martinez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martinez FO, Helming L, Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:451\u201383.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2808","volume":"10","author":"RA Flavell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flavell RA, Sanjabi S, Wrzesinski SH, Licona-Lim\u00f3n P. The polarization of immune cells in the tumour environment by TGFbeta. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(8):554\u201367.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","volume":"233","author":"A Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, et al. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(9):6425\u201340.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"466_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.10.004","volume":"191","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li C, Xu MM, Wang K, Adler AJ, Vella AT, Zhou B. Macrophage polarization and meta-inflammation. Transl Res. 2018;191:29\u201344.","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"466_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339","volume":"79","author":"PJ Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray PJ. Macrophage polarization. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:541\u201366.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"466_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.11.001","volume":"223","author":"S Arora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arora S, Dev K, Agarwal B, Das P, Syed MA. Macrophages: their role, activation and polarization in pulmonary diseases. Immunobiology. 2018;223(4\u20135):383\u201396.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213450","volume":"77","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lin C, Zeng C, et al. Synovial macrophage M1 polarisation exacerbates experimental osteoarthritis partially through R-spondin-2. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(10):1524\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"466_CR24","volume-title":"WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014\u20132023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014\u20132023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"466_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Yang G, Wang S, Zheng X, Zhang W, Li Y. The most commonly treated acupuncture indications in the United States: a cross-sectional study. Am J Chin Med. 2018:1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X18500738"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0109-2","volume":"15","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Z, Bozec A, Ramming A, Schett G. Anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(1):9\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211341","volume":"14","author":"TC Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan TC, Tsai YH, Chen WC, Hsieh YL. The effects of laser acupuncture on the modulation of cartilage extracellular matrix macromolecules in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(3):e0211341.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X18500520","volume":"46","author":"Y Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu Y, Hong S, Zhao X, et al. Acupuncture alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by immune-network modulation. Am J Chin Med. 2018;46(5):997\u20131019.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4103\/wjtcm.wjtcm_41_20","volume":"6","author":"XZ Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang XZ, Hai HS, Jun WS, et al. Neuroendocrine-immune regulating mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of acupuncture. World J Tradit Chin Med. 2020;6(4):384.","journal-title":"World J Tradit Chin Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3479","volume":"20","author":"R Torres-Rosas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torres-Rosas R, Yehia G, Pe\u00f1a G, et al. Dopamine mediates vagal modulation of the immune system by electroacupuncture. Nat Med. 2014;20(3):291\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR31","first-page":"5009","volume":"16","author":"B Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu B, Zhang M, Zhao J, Zheng M, Yang H. Imbalance of M1\/M2 macrophages is linked to severity level of knee osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med. 2018;16(6):5009\u201314.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.05.021","volume":"22","author":"N Fahy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fahy N, de Vries-van Melle ML, Lehmann J, et al. Human osteoarthritic synovium impacts chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via macrophage polarisation state. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(8):1167\u201375.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4172\/2576-3881.1000112","volume":"2","author":"CS Chamberlain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chamberlain CS, Saether EE, Aktas E, Vanderby R. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy on tendon\/ligament healing. J Cytokine Biol. 2017;2(1):112.","journal-title":"J Cytokine Biol."},{"key":"466_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S256950","volume":"13","author":"GX Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi GX, Tu JF, Wang TQ, et al. Effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) and manual acupuncture (MA) on markers of inflammation in knee osteoarthritis. J Pain Res. 2020;13:2171\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-018-2916-8","volume":"25","author":"GW Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu GW, Chen J, Huang YM, et al. Electroacupuncture Delays Cartilage Degeneration by Modulating Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Signaling Pathway. Chin J Integr Med. 2019;25(9):677\u201383.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8790-x","volume":"51","author":"MD da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"da Silva MD, Bobinski F, Sato KL, Kolker SJ, Sluka KA, Santos AR. IL-10 cytokine released from M2 macrophages is crucial for analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture in a model of inflammatory muscle pain. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;51(1):19\u201331.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00175.2015","volume":"120","author":"Z Su","year":"2016","unstructured":"Su Z, Hu L, Cheng J, et al. Acupuncture plus low-frequency electrical stimulation (Acu-LFES) attenuates denervation-induced muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol. 2016;120(4):426\u201336.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"466_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0245-0","volume":"54","author":"L Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhu J, Yang Y, Zhang HL. Role of microglia in neurological disorders and their potentials as a therapeutic target. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54(10):7567\u201384.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"466_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.08.011","volume":"71","author":"A Pisanu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pisanu A, Lecca D, Mulas G, et al. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-\u03b3 agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;71:280\u201391.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1974-y","volume":"17","author":"J Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang J, You X, Liu W, et al. Electroacupuncture ameliorating post-stroke cognitive impairments via inhibition of peri-infarct astroglial and microglial\/macrophage P2 purinoceptors-mediated neuroinflammation and hyperplasia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):480.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"466_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00363","volume":"10","author":"J Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang J, Luo Y, Qin W, et al. Electroacupuncture suppresses the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway by upregulating cylindromatosis to alleviate inflammatory injury in cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion rats. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:363.","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2016-011107","volume":"35","author":"J Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao J, Wang L, Li Y. Electroacupuncture alleviates the inflammatory response via effects on M1 and M2 macrophages after spinal cord injury. Acupunct Med. 2017;35(3):224\u201330.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-012-0216-9","volume":"62","author":"ST Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim ST, Doo AR, Kim SN, et al. Acupuncture suppresses kainic acid-induced neuronal death and inflammatory events in mouse hippocampus. J Physiol Sci. 2012;62(5):377\u201383.","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"466_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.003","volume":"94","author":"J Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung J, Lee SM, Lee MJ, et al. Lipidomics reveals that acupuncture modulates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory interaction in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;94:424\u201336.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192","volume":"260","author":"CC Bain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bain CC, Mowat AM. Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Immunol Rev. 2014;260(1):102\u201317.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"466_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.009","volume":"24","author":"Y Kawano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kawano Y, Nakae J, Watanabe N, et al. Colonic pro-inflammatory macrophages cause insulin resistance in an intestinal Ccl2\/Ccr2-dependent manner. Cell Metab. 2016;24(2):295\u2013310.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-015-1084-x","volume":"50","author":"T Kanai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanai T, Mikami Y, Hayashi A. A breakthrough in probiotics: Clostridium butyricum regulates gut homeostasis and anti-inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(9):928\u201339.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322269111","volume":"111","author":"PV Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang PV, Hao L, Offermanns S, Medzhitov R. The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(6):2247\u201352.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0311124","volume":"90","author":"SB Weisser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weisser SB, Brugger HK, Voglmaier NS, McLarren KW, van Rooijen N, Sly LM. SHIP-deficient, alternatively activated macrophages protect mice during DSS-induced colitis. J Leukoc Biol. 2011;90(3):483\u201392.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"24","key":"466_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119038109","volume":"109","author":"A Arranz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arranz A, Doxaki C, Vergadi E, et al. Akt1 and Akt2 protein kinases differentially contribute to macrophage polarization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(24):9517\u201322.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"466_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.12.023","volume":"106","author":"S Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song S, An J, Li Y, Liu S. Electroacupuncture at ST-36 ameliorates DSS-induced acute colitis via regulating macrophage polarization induced by suppressing NLRP3\/IL-1\u03b2 and promoting Nrf2\/HO-1. Mol Immunol. 2019;106:143\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"466_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502014001900004","volume":"29","author":"AC Goes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goes AC, Pinto FM, Fernandes GC, et al. Electroacupuncture ameliorates experimental colitis induced by TNBS through activation of interleukin-10 and inhibition of iNOS in mice. Acta Cir Bras. 2014;29(12):787\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X20500044","volume":"48","author":"YF Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song YF, Pei LX, Chen L, et al. Electroacupuncture relieves irritable bowel syndrome by regulating IL-18 and gut microbial dysbiosis in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced post-inflammatory animal model. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(1):77\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13808","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13808","volume":"32","author":"NN Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang NN, Ye Y, Tian ZX, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture on the intestinal motility and local inflammation are modulated by acupoint selection and stimulation frequency in postoperative ileus mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(5):e13808.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52574","volume":"11","author":"NN Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang NN, Yang JW, Ye Y, et al. Electroacupuncture ameliorates intestinal inflammation by activating \u03b17nAChR-mediated JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in postoperative ileus. Theranostics. 2021;11(9):4078\u201389.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"466_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217946","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neq036","volume":"2011","author":"MD da Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"da Silva MD, Guginski G, Werner MF, Baggio CH, Marcon R, Santos AR. Involvement of interleukin-10 in the anti-inflammatory effect of sanyinjiao (SP6) acupuncture in a mouse model of peritonitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:217946.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-013-1331-4","volume":"20","author":"QM Xue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xue QM, Li N, Xue P, Wang CW, Wen Q. Therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture at ST36 acupoint on sodium-taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis. Chin J Integr Med. 2014;20(9):695\u2013700.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"466_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.02.002","volume":"1810","author":"SJ Aujla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aujla SJ, Alcorn JF. T(H)17 cells in asthma and inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1810(11):1066\u201379.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.8.5375","volume":"178","author":"YK Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim YK, Oh SY, Jeon SG, et al. Airway exposure levels of lipopolysaccharide determine type 1 versus type 2 experimental asthma. J Immunol. 2007;178(8):5375\u201382.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.06.010","volume":"126","author":"AP Moreira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moreira AP, Cavassani KA, Hullinger R, et al. Serum amyloid P attenuates M2 macrophage activation and protects against fungal spore-induced allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(4):712-721.e7.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"466_CR61","first-page":"340126","volume":"2015","author":"Y Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei Y, Dong M, Zhang H, et al. Acupuncture attenuated inflammation and inhibited Th17 and treg activity in experimental asthma. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:340126.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-018-3055-6","volume":"25","author":"M Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong M, Wang WQ, Chen J, et al. Acupuncture regulates the balance of CD4+ t cell subtypes in experimental asthma mice. Chin J Integr Med. 2019;25(8):617\u201324.","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR63","first-page":"3225","volume":"22","author":"Y Lou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lou Y, Yu Q, Xu K, et al. Electroacupuncture pre-conditioning protects from lung injury induced by limb ischemia\/reperfusion through TLR4 and NF-\u03baB in rats. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22(4):3225\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"466_CR64","first-page":"2394734","volume":"2020","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Sun T, Chi L, Zhao D, Li W. Acupoint catgut embedding improves the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:2394734.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"466_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1733","volume":"5","author":"S Gordon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gordon S, Taylor PR. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5(12):953\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04717-4","volume":"9","author":"A Dufour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dufour A, Bellac CL, Eckhard U, et al. C-terminal truncation of IFN-\u03b3 inhibits proinflammatory macrophage responses and is deficient in autoimmune disease. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):2416.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-009-0804-6","volume":"59","author":"D Savitsky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Savitsky D, Tamura T, Yanai H, Taniguchi T. Regulation of immunity and oncogenesis by the IRF transcription factor family. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59(4):489\u2013510.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.3.1529","volume":"163","author":"CA Salkowski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salkowski CA, Kopydlowski K, Blanco J, Cody MJ, McNally R, Vogel SN. IL-12 is dysregulated in macrophages from IRF-1 and IRF-2 knockout mice. J Immunol. 1999;163(3):1529\u201336.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1990","volume":"12","author":"T Krausgruber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krausgruber T, Blazek K, Smallie T, et al. IRF5 promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization and TH1-TH17 responses. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(3):231\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00053","volume":"158","author":"C Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li C, Ying W, Huang Z, et al. IRF6 regulates alternative activation by suppressing PPAR\u03b3 in male murine macrophages. Endocrinology. 2017;158(9):2837\u201347.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"466_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-187","volume":"8","author":"L Tarassishin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tarassishin L, Suh HS, Lee SC. Interferon regulatory factor 3 plays an anti-inflammatory role in microglia by activating the PI3K\/Akt pathway. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:187.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"466_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.05.031","volume":"215","author":"C El Chartouni","year":"2010","unstructured":"El Chartouni C, Schwarzfischer L, Rehli M. Interleukin-4 induced interferon regulatory factor (Irf) 4 participates in the regulation of alternative macrophage priming. Immunobiology. 2010;215(9\u201310):821\u20135.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"466_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.06.021","volume":"12","author":"S Wienerroither","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wienerroither S, Shukla P, Farlik M, et al. Cooperative transcriptional activation of antimicrobial genes by STAT and NF-\u03baB pathways by concerted recruitment of the mediator complex. Cell Rep. 2015;12(2):300\u201312.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"7148","key":"466_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05894","volume":"447","author":"JI Odegaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Odegaard JI, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Goforth MH, et al. Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance. Nature. 2007;447(7148):1116\u201320.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6742","key":"466_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/22572","volume":"400","author":"JT Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang JT, Welch JS, Ricote M, et al. Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-gamma ligands in macrophages by 12\/15-lipoxygenase. Nature. 1999;400(6742):378\u201382.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"41","key":"466_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908641106","volume":"106","author":"D Ruffell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruffell D, Mourkioti F, Gambardella A, et al. A CREB-C\/EBPbeta cascade induces M2 macrophage-specific gene expression and promotes muscle injury repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(41):17475\u201380.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"466_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202496","volume":"190","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Xie N, Cui H, et al. MicroRNA let-7c regulates macrophage polarization. J Immunol. 2013;190(12):6542\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"466_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00002.2014","volume":"306","author":"B Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee B, Qiao L, Lu M, et al. C\/EBP\u03b1 regulates macrophage activation and systemic metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(10):E1144\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR79","first-page":"971","volume":"9","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Lu Y, Bian H, Guo L, Zhu H. Activation of the \u03b17 nicotinic receptor promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced conversion of M1 microglia to M2. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(3):971\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1284-7","volume":"15","author":"GW Tu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tu GW, Shi Y, Zheng YJ, et al. Glucocorticoid attenuates acute lung injury through induction of type 2 macrophage. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):181.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"466_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00571","volume":"6","author":"CA Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts CA, Dickinson AK, Taams LS. The interplay between monocytes\/macrophages and CD4(+) T cell subsets in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 2015;6:571.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1159\/000354525","volume":"32","author":"J Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen J, Liao MY, Gao XL, et al. IL-17A induces pro-inflammatory cytokines production in macrophages via MAPKinases, NF-\u03baB and AP-1. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013;32(5):1265\u201374.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"15","key":"466_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023106","volume":"135","author":"EH Choo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choo EH, Lee JH, Park EH, et al. Infarcted myocardium-primed dendritic cells improve remodeling and cardiac function after myocardial infarction by modulating the regulatory T cell and macrophage polarization. Circulation. 2017;135(15):1444\u201357.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1462-z","volume":"10","author":"D Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu D, Chu X, Hua L, et al. Gpr174-deficient regulatory T cells decrease cytokine storm in septic mice. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(3):233.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9012-2","volume":"53","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Jang M, Choi J, et al. Bee venom acupuncture alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by upregulating regulatory T cells and suppressing Th1 and Th17 responses. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(3):1419\u201345.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"466_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0487-z","volume":"40","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chen T, Long M, et al. Electro-acupuncture at acupoint ST36 ameliorates inflammation and regulates Th1\/Th2 balance in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Inflammation. 2017;40(2):422\u201334.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001203","volume":"30","author":"YS Ye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ye YS, Pan AZ, Zhen Y, Kang MR, Zhang B, Yi WM. Antipruritic effects of electroacupuncture on morphine-induced pruritus model mice through the TLR2\/4-MyD88-NF-\u03baB pathway. Neuroreport. 2019;30(5):331\u20137.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.103","volume":"7","author":"B Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li B, Alli R, Vogel P, Geiger TL. IL-10 modulates DSS-induced colitis through a macrophage-ROS-NO axis. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7(4):869\u201378.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"466_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.10.006","volume":"23","author":"L Ulloa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ulloa L, Quiroz-Gonzalez S, Torres-Rosas R. Nerve stimulation: immunomodulation and control of inflammation. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(12):1103\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1797","volume":"4","author":"L Ulloa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ulloa L. The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4(8):673\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"24\u201325","key":"466_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.01.002","volume":"80","author":"M Gallowitsch-Puerta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Pavlov VA. Neuro-immune interactions via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Life Sci. 2007;80(24\u201325):2325\u20139.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151882","volume":"11","author":"HD Lim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lim HD, Kim MH, Lee CY, Namgung U. Anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture stimulation via the vagus nerve. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151882.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"18","key":"466_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4102-3","volume":"61","author":"VA Pavlov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. Neural regulators of innate immune responses and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(18):2322\u201331.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"466_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1358.024","volume":"1062","author":"M Gallowitsch-Puerta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Tracey KJ. Immunologic role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the nicotinic acetylcholine alpha 7 receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1062:209\u201319.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"466_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15026","volume":"177","author":"X Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han X, Ni J, Wu Z, et al. Myeloid-specific dopamine D2 receptor signalling controls inflammation in acute pancreatitis via inhibiting M1 macrophage. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(13):2991\u20133008.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2613","volume":"35","author":"TE Salazar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salazar TE, Richardson MR, Beli E, et al. Electroacupuncture promotes central nervous system-dependent release of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2017;35(5):1303\u201315.","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.015","volume":"108","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang ZF, Su YS, et al. Somatotopic organization and intensity dependence in driving distinct npy-expressing sympathetic pathways by electroacupuncture. Neuron. 2020;108(3):436-450.e7.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X20500408","volume":"48","author":"T Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen T, Zhang WW, Chu YX, Wang YQ. Acupuncture for pain management: molecular mechanisms of action. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(4):793\u2013811.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2005.06.006","volume":"1","author":"GG Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang GG, Yu C, Lee W, Lao L, Ren K, Berman BM. Involvement of peripheral opioid mechanisms in electroacupuncture analgesia. Explore (NY). 2005;1(5):365\u201371.","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR100","first-page":"4014","volume":"15","author":"X He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He X, Huang L, Qiu S, et al. \u03b2-Endorphin attenuates collagen-induced arthritis partially by inhibiting peripheral pro-inflammatory mediators. Exp Ther Med. 2018;15(4):4014\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-5257(15)60028-9","volume":"24","author":"B Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen B, Li MY, Dind SS, et al. Research progress on regulations on nerve-endocrine-immune network by acupuncture. World J Acupunct Moxibustion. 2014;24(4):49\u201353.","journal-title":"World J Acupunct Moxibustion."},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR102","first-page":"49","volume":"33","author":"G Peng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peng G. Acupuncture and innate immunity. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2008;33(1):49\u201352.","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(96)00011-1","volume":"40","author":"B Pan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pan B, Castro-Lopes JM, Coimbra A. Activation of anterior lobe corticotrophs by electroacupuncture or noxious stimulation in the anaesthetized rat, as shown by colocalization of Fos protein with ACTH and beta-endorphin and increased hormone release. Brain Res Bull. 1996;40(3):175\u201382.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"466_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-8-20","volume":"8","author":"A Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li A, Lao L, Wang Y, et al. Electroacupuncture activates corticotrophin-releasing hormone-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalammus to alleviate edema in a rat model of inflammation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008;8:20.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"466_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411545-3.00006-7","volume":"111","author":"JS Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu JS, Zeng BY, Hsieh CL. Acupuncture stimulation and neuroendocrine regulation. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;111:125\u201340.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"466_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1210\/EN.2015-1018","volume":"156","author":"L Eshkevari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eshkevari L, Mulroney SE, Egan R, Lao L. Effects of acupuncture, RU-486 on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in chronically stressed adult male rats. Endocrinology. 2015;156(10):3649\u201360.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"466_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.004","volume":"615","author":"JJ Le","year":"2016","unstructured":"Le JJ, Yi T, Qi L, Li J, Shao L, Dong JC. Electroacupuncture regulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhance hippocampal serotonin system in a rat model of depression. Neurosci Lett. 2016;615:66\u201371.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"}],"container-title":["Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T16:31:59Z","timestamp":1672849919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cmjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00466-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-8546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All of authors consent to publication of this work in Chinese Medicine.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"56"}}