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The kidneys, as primary excretory organs with high blood flow, are particularly susceptible to damage during sepsis. Nonetheless, the existing treatment options for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) are still restricted. Nanomedicine, especially carbon dots (CDs), has attracted considerable interest lately for outstanding biomedical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To avoid the generation of toxic effects, the natural CDs derived from <jats:italic>Ziziphi Spinosae Semen<\/jats:italic> (Z-CDs) were synthesized employing a hydrothermal method. The free radical scavenging capabilities of Z-CDs were evaluated by utilizing ABTS assay, NBT method, and Fenton reaction. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell model was used to explore the therapeutic potential of Z-CDs on cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. The CuSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-induced zebrafish inflammation model and LPS-exposed SA-AKI mouse model were employed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Z-CDs in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The synthesized Z-CDs exhibited distinctive unsaturated surface functional groups, which confer exceptional biocompatibility and the ability to scavenge free radicals. Moreover, Z-CDs were particularly effective in eliminating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, thus protecting mitochondrial function from oxidative damage. Notably, Z-CDs have demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits in protecting kidney tissue in SA-AKI mouse model with minimizing side effects. In mechanism, Z-CDs effectively reduced ROS production, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses in macrophages through the suppression of the NF-\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study developed a multifunctional nanomedicine derived from traditional medicinal herb, providing a promising pathway for the advancement of innovative drug therapies to treat SA-AKI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01103-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T14:04:02Z","timestamp":1744380242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Therapeutic potential of naturally derived carbon dots in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Lei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yang","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Wen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Wu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Guo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8969-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi-Yuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"1103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2403213","volume":"391","author":"NJ Meyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meyer NJ, Prescott HC. 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