{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:47:10Z","timestamp":1793296030344,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX24_2284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX24_2284"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine Youth Talent Training Program","award":["ZYQ20042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYQ20042"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82474200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82474200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82173994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Leading Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine First-class Discipline","award":["ZYXYL2024-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYXYL2024-014"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Development Project","award":["MS2022006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS2022006"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["22KJA360002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22KJA360002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chin Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anal fistula is one of the most common and frequently occurring diseases in the anorectal department. Calvatia lilacina spore (CLS) has been applied for wound treatment with a long history as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the mechanism of CLS to treat postoperative wound of anal fistula remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of CLS in promoting anal fistula wound healing from the perspective of regulating the interaction between macrophages and fibroblasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients who received anal surgery were recruited in Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. We presented a single-cell atlas of granulation tissue, comparing samples with and without CLS treatment, utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing. The pharmacological effects and mechanism of CLS on anal fistula wound were assessed using elisa, Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, western blot, Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, flow cytometry assays and cell co-culture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CLS had a uniform particle size and contained components mainly including proteins, steroids, polysaccharides and polyphenols. CLS reduced the expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and increased the expression levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Collagen Type I Alpha 1 (COL1A1) in the granulation tissue. The single-cell sequencing revealed that the expression level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL-8) was increased in the IL-6\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      macrophages that promoted the expression of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 3 (WASF3) in fibroblasts and further recruited Actin-Related Protein 2 (ACTR2), Actin-Related Protein 3 (ACTR3). Finally, CLS enhanced intercellular communication between macrophages and fibroblasts by activating the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2)\/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, thereby promoting mouse skin fibroblasts (MSF) migration ability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study objectively demonstrated the pharmacological effects of CLS in promoting the wound healing of anal fistula and investigated its mechanisms in terms of regulating the immune inflammatory process of macrophages increases signal communication with fibroblasts while promoting fibroblast transformation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T02:02:00Z","timestamp":1767751320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the therapeutic mechanism of Calvatia lilacina in promoting wound healing of anal fistula"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tangtang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiwen","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juntong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1293_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2019.06.18","volume":"37","author":"J Assaraf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assaraf J, Lambrescak E, Lef\u00e8vre JH, De Parades V, Bourguignon J, Etienney I, et al. Increased long-term risk of anal fistula after proctologic surgery: a case-control study. Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37:90\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"1293_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-021-03207-w","volume":"44","author":"DP Fitzpatrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick DP, Kealey C, Brady D, Goodman M, Gately N. Treatments for the amelioration of persistent factors in complex anal fistula. Biotechnol Lett. 2022;44:23\u201331.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"1293_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e31819a5c52","volume":"52","author":"A Hamadani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamadani A, Haigh PI, Liu I-LA, Abbas MA. Who is at risk for developing chronic anal fistula or recurrent anal sepsis after initial perianal abscess? Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:217\u201321.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1293_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13551","volume":"18","author":"P Jaiswal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaiswal P, Sharma S, Pratap A, Ansari M, Shukla VK, Basu S, et al. Significant presence of biofilm-producing gut-derived bacteria in anal fistula of chronic duration. Int Wound J. 2021;18:519\u201324.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"1293_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-017-1645-5","volume":"21","author":"J Sugrue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sugrue J, Nordenstam J, Abcarian H, Bartholomew A, Schwartz JL, Mellgren A, et al. Pathogenesis and persistence of cryptoglandular anal fistula: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol. 2017;21:425\u201332.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"1293_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e31820e7c7a","volume":"54","author":"B Devaraj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Devaraj B, Khabassi S, Cosman BC. Recent smoking is a risk factor for anal abscess and fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:681\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"1293_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2016.0136","volume":"98","author":"HA Owen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Owen HA, Buchanan GN, Schizas A, Cohen R, Williams AB. Quality of life with anal fistula. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2016;98:334\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"1293_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938270","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.938270","volume":"13","author":"J Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang J, Liu Y, Peng S, Tang X, Liu L, Xie Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine external washing in the treatment of postoperative wound of diabetes complicated with anal fistula: study protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:938270.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1293_CR9","first-page":"937","volume":"35","author":"AM Zubaidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zubaidi AM. Anal fistula. Past and present. Saudi Med J. 2014;35:937\u201344.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"1293_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i1.12","volume":"21","author":"E Limura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Limura E, Giordano P. Modern management of anal fistula. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:12\u201320.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1293_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.07.016","volume":"30","author":"M Sharifiaghdam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharifiaghdam M, Shaabani E, Faridi-Majidi R, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Fraire JC. Macrophages as a therapeutic target to promote diabetic wound healing. Mol Ther. 2022;30:2891\u2013908.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"1293_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00716-0","volume":"25","author":"FS Younesi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Younesi FS, Miller AE, Barker TH, Rossi FMV, Hinz B. Fibroblast and myofibroblast activation in normal tissue repair and fibrosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024;25:617\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"1293_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108605","volume":"106","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li S, Ding X, Zhang H, Ding Y, Tan Q. IL-25 improves diabetic wound healing through stimulating M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast activation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;106:108605.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"1293_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1021\/jf8030265","volume":"57","author":"J-G Tsay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsay J-G, Chung K-T, Yeh C-H, Chen W-L, Chen C-H, Lin MH-C, et al. Calvatia lilacina protein-extract induces apoptosis through glutathione depletion in human colorectal carcinoma cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:1579\u201388.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1293_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2024054161","volume":"26","author":"M Cicha-Jele\u0144","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cicha-Jele\u0144 M, Muszynska B, Kala K, Sulkowska-Ziaja K. Medicinal potential of the giant puffball mushroom Calvatia gigantea (Agaricomycetes): a review. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2024;26:13\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Med Mushrooms"},{"key":"1293_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143091","volume":"15","author":"D Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee D, Lee S, Jang YS, Ryoo R, Kim JK, Kang KS, et al. N,N-dimethyl-anthranilic acid from Calvatia nipponica mushroom fruiting bodies induces apoptotic effects on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Nutrients. 2023;15:3091.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1293_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942549","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.942549","volume":"13","author":"T He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He T, Sun P, Liu B, Wan S, Fang P, Chen J, et al. Puffball spores improve wound healing in a diabetic rat model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:942549.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1293_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkae037","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae037","volume":"12","author":"X Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding X, Yang C, Li Y, He T, Xu Y, Cheng X, et al. Reshaped commensal wound microbiome via topical application of Calvatia gigantea extract contributes to faster diabetic wound healing. Burns & Trauma. 2024;12:tkae037.","journal-title":"Burns & Trauma"},{"key":"1293_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2021.1936576","volume":"74","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng Q, Singh R, Ye Y, Cheng S, Fan C, Zeng Q. Calvatia Lilacina extracts exert anti-breast-cancer bioactivity through the apoptosis induction dependent on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and caspase activation. Nutr Cancer. 2022;74:1058\u201370.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"1293_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5937-1","volume":"20","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Kong L, Shi J, Liu Y, et al. Genome-wide characterization of SPL family in Medicago truncatula reveals the novel roles of miR156\/SPL module in spiky pod development. BMC Genomics. 2019;20:552.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"1293_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155642","volume":"130","author":"C Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu C, Tang H, Cui X, Li N, Fei J, Ge H, et al. A single-cell profile reveals the transcriptional regulation responded for Abelmoschus manihot (L.) treatment in diabetic kidney disease. Phytomedicine. 2024;130:155642.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1293_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin S, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Zhang L, Chang I, Ramos R, Kuan C-H, et al. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using Cell Chat. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1088.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1293_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15584","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15584","volume":"8","author":"H Jayatilaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jayatilaka H, Tyle P, Chen JJ, Kwak M, Ju J, Kim HJ, et al. Synergistic IL-6 and IL-8 paracrine signalling pathway infers a strategy to inhibit tumour cell migration. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15584.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1293_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00749","volume":"5","author":"H-J Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen H-J, Hang T, Yang C, Liu D, Su C, Xiao S, et al. Functionalized spiky particles for intracellular biomolecular delivery. ACS Cent Sci. 2019;5:960\u20139.","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"1293_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155236","volume":"123","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Lin L, Zheng H, Xu S, Hong X, Cai T, et al. Protective effect of Amauroderma rugosum ethanol extract and its primary bioactive compound, ergosterol, against acute gastric ulcers based on LXR-mediated gastric mucus secretions. Phytomedicine. 2024;123:155236.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1293_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad010","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad010","volume":"11","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su J, Wei Q, Ma K, Wang Y, Hu W, Meng H, et al. P-MSC-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate diabetic wound healing via miR-145-5p\/ CDKN1A-mediated functional improvements of high glucose-induced senescent fibroblasts. Burns & Trauma. 2023;11:tkad010.","journal-title":"Burns & Trauma"},{"key":"1293_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108236","volume":"26","author":"W Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao W, Meng X, Cao F, Wang J, Yang M. Exosomes derived from platelet-rich plasma promote diabetic wound healing via the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway. iScience. 2023;26:108236.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"1293_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6705","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6705","volume":"345","author":"JA Simpson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simpson JA, Banerjea A, Scholefield JH. Management of anal fistula. BMJ. 2012;345:e6705.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1293_CR29","first-page":"1047","volume":"43","author":"M Pingping","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pingping M, Wenzhe F, Peng S, Wenxiu Z, Yu Z. Clinical research progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating wound healing after anal fistula surgery. J Tradit Chin Med. 2023;43:1047\u201354.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"1293_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.11.008","volume":"340","author":"S Ourani-Pourdashti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ourani-Pourdashti S, Azadi A. Pollens in therapeutic\/diagnostic systems and immune system targeting. J Control Release. 2021;340:308\u201317.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"1293_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04416-2","volume":"24","author":"T-T Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu T-T, Chen Y-Y, Yuan Z-C, Yang G-W, Zhang G-L. Synergy of de-walled Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GLSP) on targeted therapy in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant: protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2024;24:125.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"1293_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163299","volume":"14","author":"H Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang H, Li S, Qu Y, Li L, Li Y, Wang D. Anti-colorectal cancer effects of Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. spore powder through regulation of gut microbiota-mediated JAK\/STAT signaling. Nutrients. 2022;14:3299.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1293_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7596","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01129","volume":"15","author":"P-M Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen P-M, Pan W-Y, Luo P-K, Phung HN, Liu Y-M, Chiang M-C, et al. Pollen-mimetic metal-organic frameworks with tunable spike-like nanostructures that promote cell interactions to improve antigen-specific humoral immunity. ACS Nano. 2021;15:7596\u2013607.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1293_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307630","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202307630","volume":"11","author":"B Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu B, Pan W, Luo S, Luo X, Zhao Y, Xiu Q, et al. Turmeric-derived nanoparticles functionalized aerogel regulates multicellular networks to promote diabetic wound healing. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2307630.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1293_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52511","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52511","volume":"9","author":"K Bogucka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bogucka K, Pompaiah M, Marini F, Binder H, Harms G, Kaulich M, et al. ERK3\/MAPK6 controls IL-8 production and chemotaxis. Elife. 2020;9:e52511.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1293_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00974-6","volume":"20","author":"S Cambier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cambier S, Gouwy M, Proost P. The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:217\u201351.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1293_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000318","volume":"207","author":"F Matsumura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsumura F, Polz R, Singh S, Matsumura A, Scheller J, Yamashiro S. Investigation of Fascin1, a marker of mature dendritic cells, reveals a new role for IL-6 signaling in CCR7-mediated chemotaxis. J Immunol. 2021;207:938\u201349.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1293_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb6260","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb6260","volume":"7","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Xiao J, Xu X, Li W, Zhong R, Qi L, et al. M-CSF, IL-6, and TGF-\u03b2 promote generation of a new subset of tissue repair macrophage for traumatic brain injury recovery. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabb6260.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"1293_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76868-y","volume":"14","author":"D Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D, Cooper JA, Helfman DM. Loss of myosin light chain kinase induces the cellular senescence associated secretory phenotype to promote breast epithelial cell migration. Sci Rep. 2024;14:25786.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1293_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100928","volume":"209","author":"S Kochumon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kochumon S, Jacob T, Koshy M, Al-Rashed F, Sindhu S, Al-Ozairi E, et al. Palmitate potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 production via coordinated acetylation of H3K9\/H3K18, p300, and RNA polymerase II. J Immunol. 2022;209:731\u201341.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1293_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.10.090","volume":"636","author":"H Tada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tada H, Kawahara K, Osawa H, Song L-T, Numazaki K, Kawai J, et al. Hericium erinaceus ethanol extract and ergosterol exert anti-inflammatory activities by neutralizing lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022;636:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1293_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","volume":"3","author":"JJ Tomasek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tomasek JJ, Gabbiani G, Hinz B, Chaponnier C, Brown RA. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3:349\u201363.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"1293_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112967","volume":"241","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Xu W, Zhu W, Wang J, Shi J, Tang J, et al. Superior hemostatic and wound-healing properties of tetrastigma polysaccharide. Mater Des. 2024;241:112967.","journal-title":"Mater Des"},{"key":"1293_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15080969","volume":"15","author":"T Panichakul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panichakul T, Ponnikorn S, Tupchiangmai W, Haritakun W, Srisanga K. Skin anti-aging potential of Ipomoea pes-caprae ethanolic extracts on promoting cell proliferation and collagen production in human fibroblasts (CCD-986sk cells). Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15:969.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"39","key":"1293_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45606","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c09219","volume":"15","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang X, Li T, Jiang X, Wang Z, Wang M, Wu X, et al. Co-assembled Supramolecular Hydrogel of Salvianolic Acid B and a Phosphopeptide for Enhanced Wound Healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;15(39):45606\u201315.","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"1293_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S427024","volume":"16","author":"S Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian S, Guo L, Song Y, Yang H, Wang J, Qiao J, et al. Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza Ameliorates Burn Injuries by Reducing Inflammation and Promoting Wound Healing. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:4251\u201363.","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"1293_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2865","volume":"13","author":"C Rodrigues Neves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigues Neves C, Buskermolen J, Roffel S, Waaijman T, Thon M, Veerman E, et al. Human saliva stimulates skin and oral wound healing in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2019;13:1079\u201392.","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"1293_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1459-21.2022","volume":"42","author":"Y Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo Y, Wu J, Wang M, Wang X, Jian Y, Yang C, et al. The metabolite saccharopine impairs neuronal development by inhibiting the neurotrophic function of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. J Neurosci. 2022;42:2631\u201346.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1293_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2000.5840","volume":"92","author":"MA Kosir","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kosir MA, Quinn CC, Wang W, Tromp G. Matrix glycosaminoglycans in the growth phase of fibroblasts: more of the story in wound healing. J Surg Res. 2000;92:45\u201352.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"1293_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.08.042","volume":"205","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhang L, Ding J, Yu L. Toward preclinical evaluation of a thermosensitive PEG-poly(L-alanine) hydrogel: a study on sterilization, storage stability, and in vivo performance. Acta Biomater. 2025;205:346\u201361.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"}],"container-title":["Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T02:02:04Z","timestamp":1767751324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-025-01293-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6830339\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1749-8546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed following the standard of International Coordinating Committee on Global Partnerships and the revised edition of the Declaration of Helsinki. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Ethic code: KY2023302). It was registered in ITMCTR (ITMCTR20250001078). Every participant endorsed informed consent voluntarily.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We, the undersigned authors of the manuscript titled \u201c[Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the therapeutic mechanism of Calvatia lilacina in promoting wound healing of anal fistula]\u201dsubmitted to \u201cChinese medicine\u201d, unconditionally consent to its publication in this journal, understanding it will be the publisher\u2019s property and made public per journal policies. We confirm all content is original, not previously published except as disclosed, and we\u2019ve obtained permissions for non\u2011own copyrighted materials. When the manuscript involves human\/animal subjects or sensitive info, we\u2019ve secured ethical approvals and protected all rights and privacy as per laws. We recognize the publisher\u2019s right to make editorial changes for style, format, and ethics compliance and will fully cooperate, providing any needed additional info or clarifications.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}