{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1788177203378,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.82030125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.82030125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chin Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The acupoint is the initial response site to acupuncture stimulation, and changes in the acupoint affect the subsequent therapeutic effects of acupuncture. However, the mechanism of acupuncture from this initial site has not yet been clarified. Based on an experimental model of acupuncture at Neiguan (PC6) for intervening in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), this study aimed to 1) investigate whether acupuncture-induced local muscle contraction at the PC6 acupoint mediates the therapeutic effect of acupuncture, and 2) explore the initiation mechanism of acupuncture\u2019s effect from the perspective of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats were used to establish the AMI model via ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). 1.To identify the key tissue layer mediating acupuncture efficacy: SD rats were randomly divided into the Sham group, AMI group, AMI\u2009+\u2009acupuncture at muscle-layer (ACU-M) group, and AMI\u2009+\u2009acupuncture at subcutaneous-layer (ACU-S) group. Cardiac function was evaluated using a small animal ultrasound imaging system; myocardial ischemic area was measured via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and serum norepinephrine (NE) levels were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. 2.To verify the role of muscle contraction: Another cohort of SD rats was randomly divided into the Sham\u2009+\u2009Vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride, NaCl) group, AMI\u2009+\u2009Vehicle group, AMI\u2009+\u2009Vehicle\u2009+\u2009acupuncture group and AMI\u2009+\u2009succinylcholine chloride (Scc, muscle relaxant)\u2009+\u2009acupuncture group. Acupuncture was performed post-AMI modeling, with the same efficacy indexes as above. Additionally, PC6 tissue and C5\u2013T1 segmental dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were collected from each group. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining and western blot (WB) analysis were used to detect TRPV1 expression in the acupoint muscle layer and TRPV1-positive neuron activation in DRGs. 3. To clarify the role of TRPV1: a TRPV1 inhibitor was microinjected into the PC6 muscle layer before acupuncture; changes in TRPV1 (acupoint\/DRGs), cardiac function, myocardial ischemic area, and serum NE were measured to evaluate the relationship between acupuncture effect and TRPV1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the acupuncture at muscle and subcutaneous layer improved cardiac function, reduced the area of myocardial ischemia, and lowered serum NE levels in AMI rats, however the modulatory effect of acupuncture at muscle layer was more pronounced in AMI rats.\u00a0PC6 injection of Scc followed by acupuncture reversed the modulatory effect of acupuncture on AMI rats. WB and IF results both showed that compared with the AMI group, TRPV1-positive area of the muscle layer in the acupoint area, protein expression as well as activated TRPV1-positive neurons in the DRG were significantly increased, while with the use of Scc followed by acupuncture, TRPV1-positive expression in the muscle layer of the acupoint area as well as activated TRPV1-positive neurons in the DRG were significantly decreased. Muscle injection of TRPV1 inhibitors followed by acupuncture significantly reduced TRPV1-positive expression in the muscle layer of the acupoint area as well as activated TRPV1-positive neurons in the DRG compared with the muscle injection of vehicle group, and also suppressed the improvement of cardiac function and myocardial ischemic area in rats with AMI by acupuncture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The muscle layer at the PC6 acupoint is the primary tissue mediating the therapeutic effect of acupuncture for AMI. Acupuncture-induced muscle contraction at the acupoint serves as a key link in this effect: it upregulates TRPV1 expression in the acupoint muscle layer and activates TRPV1 ion channels in C5\u2013T1 DRGs. Microinjection of a TRPV1 inhibitor into the acupoint muscle layer reverses acupuncture\u2019s cardioprotective effect in AMI rats, confirming that TRPV1 in the acupoint muscle layer is a critical mediator initiating the acupuncture effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:17:57Z","timestamp":1778048277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["TRPV1 in skeletal muscles mediates the improvement of cardiac function induced by acupuncture at the PC6 acupoint in rats with acute myocardial infarction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxiao","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wubo","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR1","first-page":"3","volume":"43","author":"WJ Gang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gang WJ, Fei YT, Liu JP, Zhao H, Lu LM, Xu NG, et al. Improving acupuncture research: progress, guidance, and future directions. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2023;43(1):3\u20137.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"issue":"7882","key":"1384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04001-4","volume":"598","author":"S Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang Z, Su Y, Qi L, Yang W, Fu M, et al. A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis. Nature. 2021;598(7882):641\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.0310","volume":"7","author":"JJ Mao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mao JJ, Liou KT, Baser RE, Bao T, Panageas KS, Romero SAD, et al. Effectiveness of Electroacupuncture or Auricular Acupuncture vs Usual Care for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Among Cancer Survivors: The PEACE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(5):720\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.1072","volume":"158","author":"CM Yen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yen CM, Fu TC, Chang CM. Methods, complications, and outcomes in a randomized clinical trial of electroacupuncture after colorectal cancer surgery. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(9):982.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000087","volume":"3","author":"L Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang L, Chen X, Lan Y, Huang Q, Yu X, Qi L, et al. Research progress of acupuncture analgesia based on autonomic nerve regulation pathway. Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine. 2023;3(4):285\u201395.","journal-title":"Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1384_CR6","first-page":"511","volume":"38","author":"B Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen B, Zhao X, Li MY, Guo Y. [Progress of researches and comments on promoters initiating effects of acupuncture stimulation of acupoints]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2013;38(6):511\u20134.","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"issue":"14","key":"1384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1560","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200670","volume":"99","author":"H Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng H, Gao T, Zheng QH, Lu LY, Hou TH, Zhang SS, et al. Acupuncture for patients with chronic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2022;99(14):e1560\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2016-011228","volume":"35","author":"MY Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao MY, Zhang P, Li J, Wang LP, Zhou W, Wang YX, et al. Influence of de qi on the immediate analgesic effect of SP6 acupuncture in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and cold and dampness stagnation: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2017;35(5):332\u20138.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00249-7","volume":"15","author":"R Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun R, He Z, Ma P, Yin S, Yin T, Liu X, et al. The participation of basolateral amygdala in the efficacy of acupuncture with deqi treating for functional dyspepsia. Brain Imaging Behav. 2021;15(1):216\u201330.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR10","first-page":"136","volume":"46","author":"FY Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu FY, Chen AL, Zhang WX, Zhao YX, Liu Q, Xin JJ, et al. Characteristics of \u201cdeqi\u201d and myoelectricity in different tissue structures of acupoint. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2021;46(2):136\u201344.","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"1384_CR11","unstructured":"Preliminary mechanism of acupuncture at Zusanli induces the myotatic reflex mediating tightne. In: Ling L, editor. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2023."},{"issue":"6653","key":"1384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/39807","volume":"389","author":"MJ Caterina","year":"1997","unstructured":"Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature. 1997;389(6653):816\u201324.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020371","author":"JB Startek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Startek JB, Boonen B, Talavera K, Meseguer V. TRP channels as sensors of chemically-induced changes in cell membrane mechanical properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2019.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467210801030255","volume":"1","author":"A Jara-Oseguera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jara-Oseguera A, Simon SA, Rosenbaum T. TRPV1: on the road to pain relief. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2008;1(3):255\u201369.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2008.43.2.97","volume":"43","author":"DS Shin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shin DS, Kim EH, Song KY, Hong HJ, Kong MH, Hwang SJ. Neurochemical characterization of the TRPV1-positive nociceptive primary afferents innervating skeletal muscles in the rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2008;43(2):97\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"1384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0015hyp","volume":"15","author":"HM Langevin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Cipolla MJ. Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB J. 2001;15(12):2275\u201382.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2012.07.017","volume":"5","author":"L Leung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leung L. Neurophysiological basis of acupuncture-induced analgesia--an updated review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2012;5(6):261\u201370.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"key":"1384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46877-8_6","volume-title":"Next Generation Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Immunotoxins","author":"H Nymeyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nymeyer H, Lappi DA, Higgins D, Noe CE, Frankel AE. Substance P-Saporin for the Treatment of Intractable Pain. In: Grawunder U, Barth S, editors. Next Generation Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Immunotoxins. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 107\u201330."},{"key":"1384_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-019-0221-0","volume":"13","author":"Y Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu Y, Huang M, Xia Y, Ding G. Real-time analysis of ATP concentration in acupoints during acupuncture: a new technique combining microdialysis with patch clamp. J Biol Eng. 2019;13:93.","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1487-3","volume":"16","author":"XL Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang XL, Wang X, Shao L, Jiang GT, Min JW, Mei XY, et al. TRPV1 mediates astrocyte activation and interleukin-1\u03b2 release induced by hypoxic ischemia (HI). J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16(1):114.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"1384_CR21","first-page":"431","volume":"37","author":"JJ Xin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xin JJ, Su YS, Yang ZK, Shi H, Shang HY, Yang DH, et al. Effects of electroacupuncture and regional thermal stimulation at \u201cZusanli\u201d (ST 36) on pain thresholds of TRPV 1 knock-out mice. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2012;37(6):431\u20139.","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"issue":"3","key":"1384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058673","volume":"8","author":"S Lotteau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lotteau S, Ducreux S, Romestaing C, Legrand C, Van Coppenolle F. Characterization of functional TRPV1 channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of mouse skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e58673.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1384_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.01.001","volume":"41","author":"TS Abraham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abraham TS, Chen ML, Ma SX. TRPV1 expression in acupuncture points: response to electroacupuncture stimulation. J Chem Neuroanat. 2011;41(3):129\u201336.","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"8773","key":"1384_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91846-M","volume":"338","author":"TL Ulbricht","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ulbricht TL, Southgate DA. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet. 1991;338(8773):985\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1384_CR25","volume":"17","author":"M Lokesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lokesh M, Postoev A, Alsarkhi LN, Aqel Y, Gillani I, Ahzam RM, et al. Impact of previous coronary artery bypass grafting on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92383.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000985","volume":"144","author":"AA Damluji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Damluji AA, van Diepen S, Katz JN, Menon V, Tamis-Holland JE, Bakitas M, et al. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2021;144(2):e16\u201335.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059865","volume":"12","author":"A Richter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Richter A, Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A. Effect of acupuncture in patients with angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1991;12(2):175\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X99000197","volume":"27","author":"FM Ho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ho FM, Huang PJ, Lo HM, Lee FK, Chern TH, Chiu TW, et al. Effect of acupuncture at nei-kuan on left ventricular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Chin Med. 1999;27(2):149\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1384_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.12.003","volume":"89","author":"L Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang J, Wang Q, Chen M, Lu Z, Chen S, et al. Cardioprotective effects of electroacupuncture pretreatment on patients undergoing heart valve replacement surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89(3):781\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"1384_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.05.043","volume":"194","author":"Q Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Q, Liang D, Wang F, Li W, Han Y, Zhang W, et al. Efficacy of electroacupuncture pretreatment for myocardial injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized clinical trial with a 2-year follow-up. Int J Cardiol. 2015;194:28\u201335.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00916-y","volume":"19","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhang F, Shu Q, Wu Y, et al. Electroacupuncture pretreatment mediates sympathetic nerves to alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Chin Med. 2024;19(1):43.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"1384_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisler R, Johnston NA, Sivula C, Budelsky CL. Chapter 4 - Functional Anatomy and Physiology2020. 91\u2013132 p.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814338-4.00004-0"},{"issue":"16","key":"1384_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781058977","volume":"14","author":"TL Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu TL, Xiong ZG. Dynamic regulation of acid-sensing ion channels by extracellular and intracellular modulators. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(16):1753\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"04","key":"1384_CR34","first-page":"27","volume":"32","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Sheng J, Chen L, Xie Q, Fang J, Wan Y, et al. Subcutaneous Injection of Succinylcholine Chloride-caused Pathological Injury of Related Organs or Tissues in Rats and Detecting its Content in the Injection Point of Skin. Strait Pharmac J. 2020;32(04):27\u201331.","journal-title":"Strait Pharmac J"},{"issue":"05","key":"1384_CR35","first-page":"670","volume":"36","author":"J Sheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheng J, Jiang R, Wen J, Chen L, Xie Q, Fang J, et al. Study on distribution of succinylcholine chloride at poisoning dose in rats by UHPLC-MS\/MS analysis. Chin Pharmacol Bull. 2020;36(05):670\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin Pharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"12","key":"1384_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04450-9","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Hou B, Liang P, Lu X, Wu Y, Zhang X, et al. TRPV1 channel mediates NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent neuroinflammation in microglia. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(12):1159.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB0420-361RR","volume":"108","author":"Y Gong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gong Y, Li N, Lv Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Yang T, et al. The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints-initiation of acupuncture effectiveness. J Leukoc Biol. 2020;108(1):189\u201398.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"1384_CR38","unstructured":"Shao SJ. Acupoint Anatomy. China Press of Chinese Medicine. 2016."},{"issue":"04","key":"1384_CR39","first-page":"294","volume":"61","author":"YY Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu YY, Sun RH, Han DX, Hu HT, Fang JQ. Mutual relationship among needling sensation, De Qi and Qi Arrival. J Tradit Chin Med. 2020;61(04):294\u20137.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1384_CR40","first-page":"523","volume":"39","author":"FY Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu FY, Wang YY, Zhou C, Chen AL, Bai WZ, Gao JH, et al. Relationship between acupuncture sensations of deqiand different organizational structures of acupoint area. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2019;39(5):523\u20137.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"1384_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111659","volume":"155","author":"W Herzog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herzog W, Schappacher-Tilp G. Molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction: a historical perspective. J Biomech. 2023;155:111659.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"5","key":"1384_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2016.07.004","volume":"9","author":"LL de Souza","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Souza LL, de Araujo FL, da Silva FA, Mucciaroni TS, de Araujo JE. Unilateral and immediate stimulation of acupuncture points Xiaohai (SI8) and Jianwaishu (SI14) of the Small Intestine Meridian increases electromyographic activity and strength in the ipsilateral and contralateral Upper Trapezius Muscle. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(5):250\u20136.","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"1384_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25704","volume":"232","author":"R Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao R, Tsang SY. Versatile roles of intracellularly located TRPV1 channel. J Cell Physiol. 2017;232(8):1957\u201365.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1384_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111669","volume":"156","author":"CJ Barclay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barclay CJ, Curtin NA. Advances in understanding the energetics of muscle contraction. J Biomech. 2023;156:111669.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"1384_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.05.027","volume":"54","author":"PV Lishko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lishko PV, Procko E, Jin X, Phelps CB, Gaudet R. The ankyrin repeats of TRPV1 bind multiple ligands and modulate channel sensitivity. Neuron. 2007;54(6):905\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1384_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.11.015","volume":"232","author":"JL Saloman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saloman JL, Chung MK, Ro JY. P2X\u2083 and TRPV1 functionally interact and mediate sensitization of trigeminal sensory neurons. Neuroscience. 2013;232:226\u201338.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"1384_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0395-5","volume":"8","author":"O Gouin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gouin O, L\u2019Herondelle K, Lebonvallet N, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Sakka M, Buh\u00e9 V, et al. TRPV1 and TRPA1 in cutaneous neurogenic and chronic inflammation: pro-inflammatory response induced by their activation and their sensitization. Protein Cell. 2017;8(9):644\u201361.","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"issue":"28","key":"1384_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11451","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5637-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"V Lukacs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lukacs V, Yudin Y, Hammond GR, Sharma E, Fukami K, Rohacs T. Distinctive changes in plasma membrane phosphoinositides underlie differential regulation of TRPV1 in nociceptive neurons. J Neurosci. 2013;33(28):11451\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"24","key":"1384_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666160413130221","volume":"16","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka Y, Poole DC, Kano Y. pH homeostasis in contracting and recovering skeletal muscle: integrated function of the microcirculation with the interstitium and intramyocyte milieu. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(24):2656\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"1384_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-1-28","volume":"1","author":"TR Neelands","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neelands TR, Jarvis MF, Han P, Faltynek CR, Surowy CS. Acidification of rat TRPV1 alters the kinetics of capsaicin responses. Mol Pain. 2005;1:28.","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"1384_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab118","volume":"23","author":"NA Chatterjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chatterjee NA, Singh JP. Autonomic modulation and cardiac arrhythmias: old insights and novel strategies. Europace. 2021;23(11):1708\u201321.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"12","key":"1384_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000269828.62250.ab","volume":"100","author":"K Kimura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kimura K, Ieda M, Kanazawa H, Yagi T, Tsunoda M, Ninomiya S, et al. Cardiac sympathetic rejuvenation: a link between nerve function and cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res. 2007;100(12):1755\u201364.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1384_CR53","first-page":"1058","volume":"44","author":"HQ Xi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xi HQ, Li X, Zhang ZY, Cui X, Jing XH, Zhu B, et al. Neuro- and immuno-modulation mediated by the cardiac sympathetic nerve: a novel insight into the anti-ischemic efficacy of acupuncture. J Tradit Chin Med. 2024;44(5):1058\u201366.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1384_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000070","volume":"3","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang J, Yan J, Wang T, Chen Y. Research progress on central autonomic nervous mechanism of acupuncture at Neiguan point in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Acupunct Herbal Med. 2023;3(3):149\u201357.","journal-title":"Acupunct Herbal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00606-7","volume":"17","author":"H Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong H, Cao X, Deng T, Meng XM, Li YM, Zhu LJ, et al. Acupuncture at Neiguan suppresses PVCs occurring post-myocardial infarction by alleviating inflammation and fibrosis. Chin Med. 2022;17(1):52.","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1384_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/acb370206","volume":"37","author":"RSM Barros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barros RSM, Santos DRD, Teixeira RKC, Ara\u00fajo NP, Somensi DN, Candido AA. Anatomorphometry of the brachial plexus under high-definition system: an experimental study in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2022;37(2):e370206.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"1384_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.12.009","volume":"1708","author":"ZL Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo ZL, Malik S. Acupuncture activates a direct pathway from the nucleus tractus solitarii to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Brain Res. 2019;1708:69\u201377.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116734","volume":"45","author":"F Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang F, Wang QY, Wei NX, Zhu X, Wu LB, Shu Q, et al. Electroacupuncture suppresses premature ventricular complexes occurring post-myocardial infarction through corticothalamic circuit. Cell Rep. 2026;45(1):116734.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1384_CR59","first-page":"219","volume":"2","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Sun X, Xi H, Li X, Cui X, Lv T, et al. Studying the coding profiles of somatic stimulation on cardiac-locked neuronal responses in the rat spinal dorsal horn. J Vis Exp. 2025;2:219.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"1384_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01169-z","volume":"20","author":"ZH Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen ZH, Yao KF, Wang XR, Liu YY, Du SM, Wang SJ, et al. Acupuncture promotes muscle cells ATP metabolism in ST36 acupoint local exerting effect by activating TRPV1\/CaMKII\/AMPK\/PGC1\u03b1 signaling pathway. Chin Med. 2025;20(1):112.","journal-title":"Chin Med"}],"container-title":["Chinese Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:14:03Z","timestamp":1778109243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-026-01384-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-8546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-8546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were performed according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Chinese National Institutes of Health. This study was also approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ethical Approval No.: TCM-LAEC2019062).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"125"}}