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However, the anti-steatotic effect of\n                      <jats:italic>V. solanifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its chemical principles have not been illustrated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The structures of new compounds were determined through extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D\/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, ultraviolet and infrared. Especially, the structure of compound\n                      <jats:bold>6<\/jats:bold>\n                      was further verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the relative and absolute configurations of compounds\n                      <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u2013\n                      <jats:bold>5<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>7<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u2013\n                      <jats:bold>9<\/jats:bold>\n                      were resolved with the help from density-functional theory-NMR and time-dependent density-functional theory-electronic circular dichroism calculation. The lipid-lowering activity was evaluated on palmitic acid\/oleic acid (P\/O)-treated AML12 hepatocytes. The biological evaluation was performed using Nile Red staining, flow cytometry, commercial kits, and Western blotting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine new sesquiterpenoid dimers and their co-occurring monomers (\n                      <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u2013\n                      <jats:bold>9<\/jats:bold>\n                      ) were identified from the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>V. solanifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A unique 10\/5\/6\/5\/7 pentacyclic ring system is exemplified in compounds\n                      <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>2<\/jats:bold>\n                      . These compounds were constructed from a germacranolide and a 4,5-\n                      <jats:italic>seco<\/jats:italic>\n                      -guaianolide monomer through an unprecedented spiro cyclohexene ring. The first examples of germacrane-guaiane and guaiane-xanthane heterogeneous dimers are shown in compounds\n                      <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n                      , respectively, which also possess a spiro cyclohexene ring linkage. A guaianolide dimer featuring a rare C-13\/C-13\u02b9 linkage is exhibited in compound\n                      <jats:bold>5<\/jats:bold>\n                      . The plausible biosynthetic pathways for compounds\n                      <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                      and\n                      <jats:bold>5<\/jats:bold>\n                      were proposed. The isolates were tested for their lipid-lowering effect on P\/O-treated AML12 hepatocytes, and the results showed that compound\n                      <jats:bold>3<\/jats:bold>\n                      significantly reduced lipid content in hepatocytes by triggering the AMP-activated protein kinase\/acetyl-CoA carboxylase\/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      coactivator-1\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0signaling pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five homo- and hetero-dimeric sesquiterpenoids with unprecedented skeletons were characterized from\n                      <jats:italic>V. solanifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , together with four new co-occurring monomers. It\u2019s the first time to report the lipid-lowering activity of sesquiterpenoids from this genus, which might be developed as lead compounds against MASLD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-026-01418-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T07:37:23Z","timestamp":1779953843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Homo- and hetero-dimeric sesquiterpenoids with unprecedented skeletons and their co-occurring monomers from Vernonia solanifolia with anti-liver steatotic potential"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Qiang","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1418_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","volume":"20","author":"AG Atanasov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, International Natural Product Sciences T, Supuran CT. 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