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The structural basis underlying their regulation of dendritic cell-mediated immune responses remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to characterize PTPS-1-3, a pectic polysaccharide isolated from\n                      <jats:italic>Typha angustifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      pollen, and evaluate its effects on dendritic cell maturation and antigen-specific T-cell activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PTPS-1-3 was characterized by molecular weight determination, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis, multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and partial acid hydrolysis. Its immunomodulatory activity was evaluated in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) by assessing cell viability, maturation markers, cytokine secretion, and phagocytic capacity. Transcriptomic analysis and an OT-I co-culture system were used to investigate the underlying pathways and antigen-specific CD8\u207a T-cell responses. Structure\u2013activity relationships were explored by comparison with a partial acid hydrolysate and a homogalacturonan-type polysaccharide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PTPS-1-3 was an approximately 10\u00a0kDa pectic polysaccharide composed mainly of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, and galacturonic acid. It contained homogalacturonan regions, arabinogalactan-II-rich side chains, and rhamnogalacturonan-II-associated motifs. PTPS-1-3 promoted BMDC maturation without detectable cytotoxicity, as shown by increased CD40, CD80, and CD86 expression, enhanced TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 secretion, and reduced phagocytic capacity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment of antigen processing and presentation pathways. PTPS-1-3-treated BMDCs further enhanced antigen-specific CD8\u207a T-cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 production. Comparative analysis suggested that the immunomodulatory activity of PTPS-1-3 may be associated with its intact and complex branched pectic architecture, although differences in molecular weight may also contribute to the observed activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PTPS-1-3 promotes BMDC maturation and enhances subsequent antigen-specific CD8\u207a T-cell responses. Its immunomodulatory activity may be associated with the integrity and complexity of its pectic architecture, while the contribution of molecular weight and individual structural features requires further clarification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-026-01515-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:38:11Z","timestamp":1790563091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural characterization of an RG-II-associated complex pectic polysaccharide from Typha angustifolia pollen with dendritic cell-modulating activity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yongbin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengya","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songshan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c06433","volume":"72","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang N, Chen X. 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