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This study attempted to compare the histological features of mandibular condylar hyperplasia and condylar osteochondroma using hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&amp;E) staining, and immunohistochemistry staining of PCNA and EXT1 with quantitative analysis method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The H&amp;E staining showed that condylar hyperplasia and condylar osteochondroma could be divided into four histological types and exhibited features of different endochondral ossification stages. There was evidence of a thicker cartilage cap in condylar osteochondroma as compared condylar hyperplasia (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.018). The percentage of bone formation in condylar osteochondroma was larger than was found in condylar hyperplasia (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.04). Immunohistochemical staining showed that PCNA was mainly located in the undifferentiated mesenchymal layer and the hypertrophic cartilage layer, and there were more PCNA positive cells in the condylar osteochondroma (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.007). EXT1 was mainly expressed in the cartilage layer, and there was also a higher positive rate of EXT1 in condylar osteochondroma (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.0366). The thicker cartilage cap, higher bone formation rate and higher PCNA positive rate indicated a higher rate of proliferative activity in condylar osteochondroma. The more significant positive rate of EXT1 in condylar osteochondroma implied differential biological characteristic as compared to condylar hyperplasia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These features might be useful in histopathologically distinguishing condylar hyperplasia and osteochondroma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1272-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T14:03:26Z","timestamp":1576505006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Histopathological features of condylar hyperplasia and condylar Osteochondroma: a comparison study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingshuang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0646-7296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2007.041","volume":"25","author":"LM Wolford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolford LM. 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