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Progressive renal disease can be life-threatening in this condition. CED is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Currently, variants in any of six genes (\n                      <jats:italic>IFT122, WDR35, IFT140, IFT43, IFT52<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>WDR19<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have been associated with this syndrome. All of these genes encode proteins essential for intraflagellar transport (IFT) a process that is required for cilium assembly, maintenance and function. Intra- and interfamilial clinical variability has been reported in CED, which is consistent with CED\u2019s genetic heterogeneity and is indicative of genetic background effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two male CED patients from two unrelated Polish families were included in this study. Clinical assessment revealed distinctive clinical features of Sensenbrenner syndrome, such as dolichocephaly, shortening of long bones and early onset renal failure. Ectodermal anomalies also included thin hair, short and thin nails, and small teeth in both patients. Next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques were performed in order to determine the underlying genetic cause of the disorder using whole exome sequencing (WES) for patient 1 and a custom NGS-based panel for patient 2. Subsequent qPCR and duplex PCR analysis were conducted for both patients. Genetic analyses identified compound heterozygous variants in the\n                      <jats:italic>IFT140<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in both affected individuals. Both patients harbored a tandem duplication variant p.Tyr1152_Thr1394dup on one allele. In addition, a novel missense variant, p.(Leu109Pro), and a previously described p.(Gly522Glu) variant were identified in the second allele in patients 1 and 2, respectively. Segregation analysis of the variants was consistent with the expected autosomal recessive disease inheritance pattern. Both patients had severe renal failure requiring kidney transplantation in early childhood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The finding of compound heterozygous\n                      <jats:italic>IFT140<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations in two unrelated CED patients provide further evidence that\n                      <jats:italic>IFT140<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene mutations are associated with this syndrome. Our studies confirm that\n                      <jats:italic>IFT140<\/jats:italic>\n                      changes in patients with CED are associated with early onset end-stage renal disease. Moreover, this report expands our knowledge of the clinical- and molecular genetics of Sensenbrenner syndrome and it highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in the care of CED patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-1303-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T07:02:21Z","timestamp":1580540541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Compound heterozygous IFT140 variants in two Polish families with Sensenbrenner syndrome and early onset end-stage renal disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4662-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Walczak-Sztulpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Posmyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina M.","family":"Bukowska-Olech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wawrocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Jamsheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machteld M.","family":"Oud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Schmidts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heleen H.","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Latos-Bielenska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wasilewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1303_CR1","volume-title":"Cranioectodermal Dysplasia","author":"H Arts","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arts H, Knoers N. 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