{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:55:57Z","timestamp":1792688157302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013318","name":"Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant no.202403021221329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no.202403021221329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orphanet J Rare Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism secondary to deficient gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, often accompanied by partial or complete anosmia. Deficient GnRH secretion results in decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), causing impaired sexual development and absent secondary sexual characteristics. Against the backdrop of global expansion in rare disease research, KS has become a core research focus, and a comprehensive bibliometric analysis is required to chart the trajectory, trends, hotspots, and future paths in KS research over the last 15 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) retrieved KS publications from January 1, 2009, to August 18, 2025, employing the search term \u201cKallmann syndrome\u201d with the language restricted to English and no restrictions imposed on publication types. Data analyses were performed using VOSviewer for visualizing collaborative networks, CiteSpace for bursts and clusters, and R for statistics, to evaluate publication trends, countries, institutions, authors, journals, citations, and keywords.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>KS publications exhibited steady double-digit annual growth, reaching 508 studies. The U.S. ranked first in publication volume, followed by Switzerland and France. Nelly Pitteloud (Switzerland) and Jacques Young (Paris Public Hospitals) were the most prolific and influential authors. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism published the largest number of KS-related articles; Harvard University was the leading contributing institution. The most highly cited article, \u201cExpert Consensus: European Consensus Statement on Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism\u2014Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment,\u201d was cited 575 times in total. Keywords identified hotspots like GnRH deficiency, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, anosmia, and genetic mutations (&gt;\u200930 genes), current research frontiers focusing on molecular pathogenesis and personalized therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study provided a comprehensive overview of Kallmann syndrome research and showed the development status and scientific trend of Kallmann syndrome through bibliometric analysis from 2009 to 2025. The global volume of publications related to Kallmann syndrome has demonstrated a steady year-on-year increase. Research in this field is predominantly led by European and American countries, and cross-regional collaboration serves as a key driver for further advancement. In summary, these findings provide new perspectives for future relevant research and serve as a valuable reference to guide researchers in subsequent studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-026-04378-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:06:31Z","timestamp":1779120391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A bibliometric analysis of Kallmann syndrome: trends, hotspots, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hailei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglin","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4378_CR1","unstructured":"Kallmann syndrome. 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The study was sociological in design and did not include clinical research. No personal data were collected, stored or analyzed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"243"}}