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Yet, a less celebrated but equally fundamental contribution lies in his monograph, \u201cContributions to the knowledge of the pathologic neuroglia and their relationship to degenerative processes in the nervous tissue.\u201d This work, now translated, meticulously details the dynamic role of glial cells in brain pathology, a paradigm-shifting concept for its time. Alzheimer applied then-novel staining techniques -including adaptations of Scharlach red and Mallory hematoxylin- to visualize lipids and protoplasmic degradation in post-mortem human brains. These approaches revealed striking changes in the glial network across disorders ranging from stroke and trauma to multiple sclerosis, syphilis-related dementia, various forms of neurodegeneration, and schizophrenia. He documented the appearance of two novel glial forms, which he termed \u201cameboid glia\u201d and \u201cglial granule cells\u201d, involved in the phagocytosis of \u201cfatty matter\u201d and \u201clipoid substances\u201d from degenerating nervous tissue. He also documented \u201cneuronophagia,\u201d where glial cells appeared to directly interact with and \u201cdissolve\u201d damaged neurons. This work laid the conceptual groundwork for modern neuroscience. We now recognize Alzheimer\u2019s \u201cameboid glia\u201d as the earliest documented observations of activated microglia and astrocytes, and his descriptions of glia\u2019s engagement with cellular damage provided the first evidence for what we now call neuroinflammation. His methodical approach and detailed observations proved that glial cells are not passive bystanders but central, active players that sense, respond to, and shape the course of brain diseases. The English translation and the original German text can be found in the attachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-026-00933-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:53:19Z","timestamp":1770961999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The functional role of glial cells in the pathologic brain as reviewed by Alois Alzheimer in 1910"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Helmut","family":"Kettenmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Lassmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilge","family":"Ugursu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyuan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"933_CR1","first-page":"517","volume":"24","author":"K Rokitansky","year":"1857","unstructured":"Rokitansky K. \u00dcber Bindegewebswucherung im Nervensysteme. 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