{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1775594597347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011541","name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261201100063C, HHSN261201100007I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201100063C, HHSN261201100007I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["support to SJR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["support to SJR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Agents Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Falciparum<\/jats:italic> and endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) are co-endemic in Africa, but the malaria experience in eBL patients is unknown. A lower prevalence of <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> has been reported in eBL patients, but those results are anecdotally attributed to pre-enrollment anti-malaria treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We studied 677 eBL patients and 2920 community controls aged 0\u201315\u2009years enrolled in six regions in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya during 2010\u20132016. <jats:italic>Falciparum<\/jats:italic> was diagnosed using thick blood film microscopy (TFM) and antigen-capture rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Guardians of the children answered a 40-item structured questionnaire about their child\u2019s pre-enrollment lifetime malaria history and treatment, demographics, socioeconomics, animal exposures, fevers, and hospitalizations. We utilized exploratory factor analysis to reduce the 40 questionnaire variables into six factors, including Inpatient malaria and Outpatient malaria factors that were surrogates of pre-enrollment anti-malaria treatment. The six factors accounted for 83\u201390% of the variance in the questionnaire data. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR 95% CI) of association of eBL with <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> positivity, defined as positive both on TFM or RDTs, or only RDTs (indicative of recent infection) or TFM (indicative of current <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection) versus no infection, using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for group of age (0\u20132, 3\u20135, 6\u20138, 9\u201311 and 12\u201315\u2009years), sex, and study site and the afore-mentioned pre-enrollment factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection was 25.6% in the eBL cases and 45.7% in community controls (aOR\u2009=\u20090.43, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.47; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). The results were similar for recent <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection (6.9% versus 13.5%, aOR\u2009=\u20090.44, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.50; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and current <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection (18.7% versus 32.1%, aOR\u2009=\u20090.47, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.51; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). These aORs for any, recent and current <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection did not change when we adjusted for pre-enrollment factors (aORs\u2009=\u20090.46, =0.44, and\u2009=\u20090.51, respectively) were significantly lower in stratified analysis for any infection in children &lt;\u20095\u2009years (aOR\u2009=\u20090.46; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.75) or\u2009\u2265\u200910\u2009years (aOR\u2009=\u20090.47; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.71).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study results reduce support for pre-enrollment antimalaria treatment as a sole explanation for the observed lower <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> prevalence in eBL cases and open a\u00a0space to consider alternative immunology-based hypotheses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T13:07:12Z","timestamp":1623071232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inverse association of falciparum positivity with endemic Burkitt lymphoma is robust in analyses adjusting for pre-enrollment malaria in the EMBLEM case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sally","family":"Peprah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"Ogwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kerchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance N.","family":"Tenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Kuremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter N.","family":"Wekesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestory","family":"Masalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Kawira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Otim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail D.","family":"Legason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leona W.","family":"Ayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Goedert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth M.","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8273-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam M.","family":"Mbulaiteye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"377_CR1","volume-title":"Burkitt lymphoma","author":"L Leoncini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leoncini L, Raphael M, Stein H, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Kluin PM. Burkitt lymphoma. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC); 2008.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"197","key":"377_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004619704","volume":"46","author":"D Burkitt","year":"1958","unstructured":"Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Brit J Surg. 1958;46(197):218\u201323.","journal-title":"Brit J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR3","first-page":"19","volume":"42","author":"DP Burkitt","year":"1969","unstructured":"Burkitt DP. Etiology of Burkitts Lymphoma - an Alternative Hypothesis to a Vectored Virus. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1969;42(1):19.","journal-title":"J Nat Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23254","volume":"122","author":"LM Carpenter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carpenter LM, Newton R, Casabonne D, Ziegler J, Mbulaiteye S, Mbidde E, et al. Antibodies against malaria and Epstein-Barr virus in childhood Burkitt lymphoma: a case-control study in Uganda. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(6):1319\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-475665","volume":"122","author":"P Aka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aka P, Vila MC, Jariwala A, Nkrumah F, Emmanuel B, Yagi M, et al. Endemic Burkitt lymphoma is associated with strength and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria stage-specific antigen antibody response. Blood. 2013;122(5):629\u201335.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"377_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.020","volume":"39","author":"A Derkach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Derkach A, Otim I, Pfeiffer RM, Onabajo OO, Legason ID, Nabalende H, et al. Associations between IgG reactivity to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) antigens and Burkitt lymphoma in Ghana and Uganda case-control studies. EBioMedicine. 2019;39:358\u201368.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"377_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.037","volume":"25","author":"ID Legason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Legason ID, Pfeiffer RM, Udquim KI, Bergen AW, Gouveia MH, Kirimunda S, et al. Evaluating the causal link between malaria infection and endemic Burkitt lymphoma in northern Uganda: a Mendelian randomization study. Ebiomedicine. 2017;25:58\u201365.","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.3.3.177","volume":"3","author":"AO Williams","year":"1966","unstructured":"Williams AO. Haemoglobin genotypes, ABO blood groups, and Burkitt's tumour. J Med Genet. 1966;3(3):177\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.019","volume":"162","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robbiani DF, Deroubaix S, Feldhahn N, Oliveira TY, Callen E, Wang Q, et al. Plasmodium infection promotes genomic instability and AID-dependent B cell lymphoma. Cell. 2015;162(4):727\u201337.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004170","volume":"10","author":"C Torgbor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torgbor C, Awuah P, Deitsch K, Kalantari P, Duca KA, Thorley-Lawson DA. A multifactorial role for P. falciparum malaria in endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma pathogenesis. PLoS Pathogens. 2014;10(5):e1004170.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030080","volume":"3","author":"A Chene","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chene A, Donati D, Guerreiro-Cacais AO, Levitsky V, Chen Q, Falk KI, et al. A molecular link between malaria and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(6):e80.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8746","key":"377_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90203-2","volume":"337","author":"KM Lam","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lam KM, Syed N, Whittle H, Crawford DH. Circulating Epstein-Barr virus-carrying B cells in acute malaria. Lancet. 1991;337(8746):876\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/6560","volume":"5","author":"S Gupta","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gupta S, Snow RW, Donnelly CA, Marsh K, Newbold C. Immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria is acquired after one or two infections. Nat Med. 1999;5(3):340\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"377_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw301","volume":"214","author":"I Rodriguez-Barraquer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Arinaitwe E, Jagannathan P, Boyle MJ, Tappero J, Muhindo M, et al. Quantifying heterogeneous malaria exposure and clinical protection in a cohort of Ugandan children. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(7):1072\u201380.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90619-6","volume":"83","author":"C Chizzolini","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chizzolini C, Delaporte E, Kaufmann MH, Akue JP, Verdini AS, Pessi A, et al. Age-related prevalence of antibody response against three different, defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children from the Haut-Ogooue province in Gabon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989;83(2):147\u201351.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05133.x","volume":"79","author":"C Chizzolini","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chizzolini C, Grau GE, Geinoz A, Schrijvers D. T lymphocyte interferon-gamma production induced by Plasmodium falciparum antigen is high in recently infected non-immune and low in immune subjects. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990;79(1):95\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.11.008","volume":"21","author":"CR Engwerda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Engwerda CR, Beattie L, Amante FH. The importance of the spleen in malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2005;21(2):75\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.05.010","volume":"17","author":"CR Engwerda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Engwerda CR, Good MF. Interactions between malaria parasites and the host immune system. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17(4):381\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0450","volume":"84","author":"B Emmanuel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Emmanuel B, Kawira E, Ogwang MD, Wabinga H, Magatti J, Nkrumah F, et al. African Burkitt lymphoma: age-specific risk and correlations with malaria biomarkers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(3):397\u2013401.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03312-7","volume":"19","author":"LS Redmond","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redmond LS, Ogwang MD, Kerchan P, Reynolds SJ, Tenge CN, Were PA, et al. Endemic Burkitt lymphoma: a complication of asymptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa based on published literature and primary data from Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. Malar J. 2020;19(1):239.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70125-0","volume":"13","author":"V Bouvard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bouvard V, Baan RA, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of malaria and of some polyomaviruses. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(4):339\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5673","key":"377_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/274756a0","volume":"274","author":"G De-The","year":"1978","unstructured":"De-The G, Geser A, Day NE, Tukei PM, Williams EH, Beri DP, et al. Epidemiological evidence for causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma from Ugandan prospective study. Nature. 1978;274(5673):756\u201361.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"377_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-5-13","volume":"5","author":"AS Asito","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asito AS, Piriou E, Odada PS, Fiore N, Middeldorp JM, Long C, et al. Elevated anti-Zta IgG levels and EBV viral load are associated with site of tumor presentation in endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma patients: a case control study. Infect Agents Cancer. 2010;5:13.","journal-title":"Infect Agents Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32390","volume":"146","author":"S Peprah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peprah S, Ogwang MD, Kerchan P, Reynolds SJ, Tenge CN, Were PA, et al. Risk factors for Burkitt lymphoma in east African children and minors: a case-control study in malaria-endemic regions in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(4):953\u201369.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"377_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-496","volume":"2","author":"MJ Fonseca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fonseca MJ, Costa P, Lencastre L, Tavares F. A statistical approach to quantitative data validation focused on the assessment of students\u2019 perceptions about biotechnology. Springerplus. 2013;2:496.","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk052","volume":"165","author":"E Vittinghoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and cox regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):710\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"377_CR27","first-page":"10","volume":"27","author":"TE Raghunathan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JM, Van-Hoewyk M, Solenberger PW. A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Survey Methodol. 2001;27:10.","journal-title":"Survey Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i06","volume":"45","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yuan Y. Multiple imputation using SAS software. J Stat Softw. 2011;45(6):1\u201325.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116","volume":"20","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kaiser HF. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):141\u201351.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90076-O","volume":"86","author":"I Rooth","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rooth I, Bjorkman A. Fever episodes in a holoendemic malaria area of Tanzania: parasitological and clinical findings and diagnostic aspects related to malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86(5):479\u201382.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1212725","volume":"368","author":"HW Horowitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horowitz HW. Fever of unknown origin or fever of too many origins? N Engl J Med. 2013;368(3):197\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1529-6","volume":"15","author":"F Grandesso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grandesso F, Nabasumba C, Nyehangane D, Page AL, Bastard M, De Smet M, et al. Performance and time to become negative after treatment of three malaria rapid diagnostic tests in low and high malaria transmission settings. Malar J. 2016;15(1):496.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16700","volume":"190","author":"S Peprah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peprah S, Ogwang MD, Kerchan P, Reynolds SJ, Tenge CN, Were PA, et al. Mean platelet counts are relatively decreased with malaria but relatively increased with endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. Br J Haematol. 2020;190(5):772\u201382.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"8007","key":"377_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91137-0","volume":"1","author":"G De-The","year":"1977","unstructured":"De-The G. Is Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma related to perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus? Lancet. 1977;1(8007):335\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9799","key":"377_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60888-X","volume":"378","author":"JA Scott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scott JA, Berkley JA, Mwangi I, Ochola L, Uyoga S, Macharia A, et al. Relation between falciparum malaria and bacteraemia in Kenyan children: a population-based, case-control study and a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2011;378(9799):1316\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"377_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.20.2232","volume":"297","author":"R Idro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Idro R, Ndiritu M, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Berkley J, et al. Burden, features, and outcome of neurological involvement in acute falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. JAMA. 2007;297(20):2232\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(90)90020-S","volume":"1","author":"AS Evans","year":"1990","unstructured":"Evans AS, Mueller NE. Viruses and cancer. Causal associations. Ann Epidemiol. 1990;1(1):71\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"377_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903163201103","volume":"320","author":"N Mueller","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mueller N, Evans A, Harris NL, Comstock GW, Jellum E, Magnus K, et al. Hodgkin's disease and Epstein-Barr virus. Altered antibody pattern before diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(11):689\u201395.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.04.002","volume":"337","author":"M Schiffman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Hildesheim A, Wacholder S, Rodriguez AC, et al. The carcinogenicity of human papillomavirus types reflects viral evolution. Virology. 2005;337(1):76\u201384.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.1.87","volume":"283","author":"M Schiffman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schiffman M, Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Sherman ME, Bratti M, Wacholder S, et al. HPV DNA testing in cervical cancer screening: results from women in a high-risk province of Costa Rica. JAMA. 2000;283(1):87\u201393.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"377_CR41","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: WHO; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910060102","volume":"6","author":"GW Kafuko","year":"1970","unstructured":"Kafuko GW, Burkitt DP. Burkitts Lymphoma and Malaria. Int J Cancer. 1970;6(1):1.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"377_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00593-10","volume":"78","author":"GK Cham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cham GK, Turner L, Kurtis JD, Mutabingwa T, Fried M, Jensen AT, et al. Hierarchical, domain type-specific acquisition of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in Tanzanian children. Infect Immun. 2010;78(11):4653\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01270-4","volume":"8","author":"BP Goncalves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goncalves BP, Kapulu MC, Sawa P, Guelbeogo WM, Tiono AB, Grignard L, et al. Examining the human infectious reservoir for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas of differing transmission intensity. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1133.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"377_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30575","volume":"140","author":"MO Agerbaek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agerbaek MO, Pereira MA, Clausen TM, Pehrson C, Oo HZ, Spliid C, et al. Burkitt lymphoma expresses oncofetal chondroitin sulfate without being a reservoir for placental malaria sequestration. Int J Cancer. 2017;140(7):1597\u2013608.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz510","volume":"221","author":"M Eldh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eldh M, Hammar U, Arnot D, Beck HP, Garcia A, Liljander A, et al. Multiplicity of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections and risk of clinical malaria: a systematic review and pooled analysis of individual participant data. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(5):775\u201385.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7683","key":"377_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24994","volume":"552","author":"F Saito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saito F, Hirayasu K, Satoh T, Wang CW, Lusingu J, Arimori T, et al. Immune evasion of Plasmodium falciparum by RIFIN via inhibitory receptors. Nature. 2017;552(7683):101\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"377_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03741","volume":"4","author":"WT Johnston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnston WT, Mutalima N, Sun D, Emmanuel B, Bhatia K, Aka P, et al. Relationship between Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence, genetic diversity and endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Malawi. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3741.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"377_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071692","volume":"13","author":"N Arisue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arisue N, Chagaluka G, Palacpac NMQ, Johnston WT, Mutalima N, Peprah S, et al. Assessment of mixed Plasmodium falciparumsera5 infection in endemic Burkitt lymphoma: a case-control study in Malawi. Cancers. 2021;13(7):1692.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"25","key":"377_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200841109","volume":"109","author":"I Mueller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mueller I, Schoepflin S, Smith TA, Benton KL, Bretscher MT, Lin E, et al. Force of infection is key to understanding the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Papua new Guinean children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(25):10030\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Infectious Agents and Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T19:22:03Z","timestamp":1623352923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-021-00377-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-9378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with ethical guidelines and regulations consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was given by ethics committees at Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (H816), Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR\/HQ\/R.8c\/Vol. IX\/1023), Moi University\/Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (000536), and National Cancer Institute (10-C-N133). The guardians of the children (mostly parents) gave written informed consent. Children aged 7\u2009years or older gave written marked assent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable because the manuscript does not include identifiable individual data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SMM is co-Editor-in-Chief of Infectons Agents and Cancer, but was not\u00a0 resposible for handling this manuscript during review; all the other\u00a0 authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}