{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:25:29Z","timestamp":1784903129304,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Agents Cancer"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T02:02:02Z","timestamp":1723255322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic susceptibility association between viral infection and colorectal cancer risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Gen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"602_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, et al. Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"602_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00243","volume":"149","author":"Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):627\u201337.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"602_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00244","volume":"149","author":"AG Zauber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zauber AG, et al. Evaluating test strategies for colorectal cancer screening: a decision analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):659\u201369.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"602_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.8266","volume":"312","author":"\u00d8 Holme","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holme \u00d8, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606\u201315.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"602_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dju032","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju032","volume":"106","author":"S Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta S, et al. Challenges and possible solutions to colorectal cancer screening for the underserved. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(4):dju032.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"602_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.07.040","volume":"20","author":"VSS A","year":"2022","unstructured":"A VSS, Sinha S, Donakonda S. Virus-host interaction analysis in colorectal cancer identifies core virus network signature and small molecules. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2022;20:4025\u201339.","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29180","volume":"137","author":"H Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen H, et al. Viral infections and colorectal cancer: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(1):12\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"602_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-018-1201-9","volume":"35","author":"MK Ibragimova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibragimova MK, Tsyganov MM, Litviakov NV. Human papillomavirus and colorectal cancer. Med Oncol. 2018;35(11):140.","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"issue":"13","key":"602_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7484","volume":"96","author":"L Laghi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laghi L, et al. JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(13):7484\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"602_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090314-050016","volume":"16","author":"DM Evans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Evans DM, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: New Applications in the coming age of hypothesis-free causality. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2015;16:327\u201350.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03104-1","volume":"21","author":"K Nimptsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nimptsch K, et al. Prospective and mendelian randomization analyses on the association of circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4) and risk of colorectal cancer. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):391.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02702-9","volume":"21","author":"N Papadimitriou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papadimitriou N, et al. Separating the effects of early and later life adiposity on colorectal cancer risk: a mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):5.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00257-5","volume":"8","author":"C Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian C, et al. Genome-wide association and HLA region fine-mapping studies identify susceptibility loci for multiple common infections. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):599.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7944","key":"602_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","volume":"613","author":"MI Kurki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurki MI, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508\u201318.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"602_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14357","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14357","volume":"8","author":"K Suhre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suhre K, et al. Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14357.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"602_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-0636-6","volume":"28","author":"The COVID-19","year":"2020","unstructured":"The COVID-19. Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Eur J Hum Genet. 2020;28(6):715\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0286-6","volume":"51","author":"JR Huyghe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huyghe JR, et al. Discovery of common and rare genetic risk variants for colorectal cancer. Nat Genet. 2019;51(1):76\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7726","key":"602_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft C, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562(7726):203\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01270-1","volume":"55","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. Genomic atlas of the plasma metabolome prioritizes metabolites implicated in human diseases. Nat Genet. 2023;55(1):44\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"602_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180905","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1180905","volume":"14","author":"C Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan C, et al. Causal association between colorectal cancer and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study. Front Genet. 2023;14:1180905.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"602_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.05.014","volume":"108","author":"H Xue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xue H, Shen X, Pan W. Constrained maximum likelihood-based mendelian randomization robust to both correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects. Am J Hum Genet. 2021;108(7):1251\u201369.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14156-4","volume":"11","author":"S Burgess","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burgess S, et al. A robust and efficient method for mendelian randomization with hundreds of genetic variants. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):376.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02982-9","volume":"21","author":"K Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu K, et al. Assessment of bidirectional relationships between brain imaging-derived phenotypes and stroke: a mendelian randomization study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):271.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"602_CR25","unstructured":"Ye T, Shao J, Kang H. Debiased Inverse-Variance Weighted Estimator in Two-Sample Summary-Data Mendelian Randomization. 2019."},{"issue":"11","key":"602_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007081","volume":"13","author":"G Hemani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hemani G, Tilling K, Davey Smith G. Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(11):e1007081.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"602_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7221","volume":"36","author":"J Bowden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowden J, et al. A framework for the investigation of pleiotropy in two-sample summary data mendelian randomization. Stat Med. 2017;36(11):1783\u2013802.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"602_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"602_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","volume":"50","author":"M Verbanck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbanck M, et al. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"21","key":"602_CR30","first-page":"4752","volume":"55","author":"T Yazaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yazaki T, et al. Treatment of human malignant meningiomas by G207, a replication-competent multimutated herpes simplex virus 1. Cancer Res. 1995;55(21):4752\u20136.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"602_CR31","first-page":"S1","volume":"3","author":"B Roizman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roizman B, Markovitz N. Herpes simplex virus virulence: the functions of the gamma (1)34.5 gene. J Neurovirol. 1997;3(Suppl 1):S1\u20132.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"4985","key":"602_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2173860","volume":"250","author":"J Chou","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chou J, et al. Mapping of herpes simplex virus-1 neurovirulence to gamma 134.5, a gene nonessential for growth in culture. Science. 1990;250(4985):1262\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"602_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.11.1325","volume":"13","author":"DA Kooby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kooby DA, et al. Oncolytic viral therapy for human colorectal cancer and liver metastases using a multi-mutated herpes simplex virus type-1 (G207). Faseb j. 1999;13(11):1325\u201334.","journal-title":"Faseb j"},{"issue":"3","key":"602_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.07.009","volume":"143","author":"T Chiba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiba T, Marusawa H, Ushijima T. Inflammation-associated cancer development in digestive organs: mechanisms and roles for genetic and epigenetic modulation. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):550\u201363.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"602_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(01)00634-1","volume":"181","author":"E Song","year":"2001","unstructured":"Song E, et al. Rare occurrence of metastatic colorectal cancers in livers with replicative hepatitis B infection. Am J Surg. 2001;181(6):529\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"602_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i6.804","volume":"17","author":"HB Qiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qiu HB, et al. HBV infection decreases risk of liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer: a cohort study. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(6):804\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"602_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1998.tb00823.x","volume":"18","author":"T Tordjmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tordjmann T, et al. Perforin and granzyme B lytic protein expression during chronic viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Liver. 1998;18(6):391\u20137.","journal-title":"Liver"},{"issue":"3","key":"602_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-010-0152-3","volume":"199","author":"E Avota","year":"2010","unstructured":"Avota E, Gassert E, Schneider-Schaulies S. Measles virus-induced immunosuppression: from effectors to mechanisms. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2010;199(3):227\u201337.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"602_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delpeut S et al. Measles Virus enters breast and Colon cancer cell lines through a PVRL4-Mediated macropinocytosis pathway. J Virol, 2017. 91(10).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02191-16"},{"issue":"4","key":"602_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2019.1640253","volume":"127","author":"H Fouladseresht","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fouladseresht H, et al. Increased frequency of HLA-A*02 in patients with atherosclerosis is associated with VZV seropositivity. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2021;127(4):351\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"602_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30869","volume":"141","author":"J Berntsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berntsson J, et al. The clinical impact of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer differs by anatomical subsite: a cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2017;141(8):1654\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"602_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayyar R, Ho D. Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus infections in Cancer patients. Viruses, 2023. 15(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020439"},{"issue":"18","key":"602_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.18.1522","volume":"92","author":"H Hjalgrim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hjalgrim H, et al. Risk of Hodgkin\u2019s disease and other cancers after infectious Mononucleosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(18):1522\u20138.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"602_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roderburg C et al. The Association between Infectious Mononucleosis and Cancer: a cohort study of 24,190 outpatients in Germany. Cancers (Basel), 2022. 14(23).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235837"},{"issue":"3","key":"602_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.125799","volume":"104","author":"EH Miranti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miranti EH, et al. Prospective study of serum cysteine and cysteinylglycine and cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, and stomach in a cohort of male smokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(3):686\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"14","key":"602_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2110158","volume":"41","author":"YS Alghamdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alghamdi YS, et al. Unveiling the multitargeted potential of N-(4-Aminobutanoyl)-S-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-cysteinylglycine (NSL-CG) against SARS CoV-2: a virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2023;41(14):6633\u201342.","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"602_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.11.002","volume":"28","author":"A Montes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Montes A, Figueras A, Novoa B. Nodavirus Encephalopathy in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): inflammation, nitric oxide production and effect of anti-inflammatory compounds. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010;28(2):281\u20138.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"602_CR48","first-page":"581","volume":"78","author":"N Sakamoto","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sakamoto N, et al. Inhibitory effects of heparin plus cortisone acetate on endothelial cell growth both in cultures and in tumor masses. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987;78(3):581\u20135.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"602_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.11.065","volume":"143","author":"Y Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo Y, et al. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a focused library of \u03b2-phenylalanine derivatives as novel eEF2K inhibitors with apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;143:402\u201318.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"602_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.04.096","volume":"527","author":"J Trivedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trivedi J, Ghosh P, Mitra D. N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) inhibits HIV-1 by suppressing the activity of viral protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;527(1):167\u201372.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"}],"container-title":["Infectious Agents and Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T03:33:58Z","timestamp":1723260838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-024-00602-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1750-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1750-9378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research has been conducted using published studies and consortia providing publicly available summary statistics. All original studies have been approved by the corresponding ethical review board, and the participants have provided informed consent. In addition, no individual-level data was used in this study. Therefore, no new ethical review board approval was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Due to such a re-analysis of previously collected and published data, no additional ethics approval was needed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}