{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:26:23Z","timestamp":1793809583911,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]],"date-time":"2015-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]],"date-time":"2015-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011-561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011-561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of tack (equipment such as saddles and reins) and especially of bits because of rein tension resulting in pressure in the mouth is questioned because of welfare concerns. We hypothesised that rein tension patterns in walk and trot reflect general gait kinematics, but are also determined by individual horse and rider effects. Six professional riders rode three familiar horses in walk and trot. Horses were equipped with rein tension meters logged by inertial measurement unit technique. Left and right rein tension data were synchronized with the gait.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stride split data (0\u2013100\u00a0%) were analysed using mixed models technique to elucidate the left\/right rein and stride percentage interaction, in relation to the exercises performed. In walk, rein tension was highest at hindlimb stance. Rein tension was highest in the suspension phase at trot, and lowest during the stance phase. In rising trot there was a significant difference between the two midstance phases, but not in sitting trot. When turning in trot there was a significant statistical association with the gait pattern with the tension being highest in the inside rein when the horse was on the outer fore-inner hindlimb diagonal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial between-rider variation was demonstrated in walk and trot and between-horse variation in walk. Biphasic rein tensions patterns during the stride were found mainly in trot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T21:07:45Z","timestamp":1451423265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Stride-related rein tension patterns in walk and trot in the ridden horse"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Agneta","family":"Egenvall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Roepstorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Eisersi\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Rhodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"van Weeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"182_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.09.013","volume":"112","author":"A Egenvall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Egenvall A, Tranquille CA, L\u00f6nnell AC, Bitschnau C, Oomen A, Hernlund E, Montavon S, Franko MA, Murray RC, Weishaupt MA, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L. Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries. Prev Vet Med. 2013;112:387\u2013400.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med."},{"key":"182_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.020","volume":"184","author":"RC Murray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH. Identification of risk factors for lameness in dressage horses. Vet J. 2010;184:27\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.16.470","volume":"57","author":"JC Penell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Penell JC, Egenvall A, Bonnett BN, Olson P, Pringle J. Specific causes of morbidity among Swedish horses insured for veterinary care between 1997 and 2000. Vet Rec. 2005;57:470\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"182_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.09.008","volume":"174","author":"PD McGreevy","year":"2007","unstructured":"McGreevy PD. The advent of equitation science. Vet J. 2007;174:492\u2013500.","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"U von K\u00f6nig Borstel","year":"2014","unstructured":"von K\u00f6nig Borstel U, Glissman C. Alternative to conventional evaluation of rideability in horse performance test: suitability of rein tension and behavioural parameters. PLoS One. 2014;9:1\u20139.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"182_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP150005","volume":"11","author":"A Egenvall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Egenvall A, Eisersi\u00f6 M, Rhodin M, van Weeren R, Roepstorff L. Rein tension during canter. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2015;11:107\u201317.","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"182_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.11.017","volume":"108","author":"AK Warren-Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warren-Smith AK, Curtis RA, Greetham L, McGreevy PD. Rein contact between horse and handler during specific equitation movements. Appl Anim Beh Sci. 2007;108:157\u201369.","journal-title":"Appl Anim Beh Sci."},{"key":"182_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755254010000243","volume":"7","author":"S Kuhnke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuhnke S, Dumbell L, Gauly M, Johnson JL, McDonald K, von Borstel UK. A comparison of rein tension of the rider\u2019s dominant and non-dominant hand and the influence of the horse\u2019s laterality. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2010;7:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"182_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.027","volume":"188","author":"HM Clayton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clayton HM, Larson B, Kaiser LJ, Lavagnino M. Length and elasticity of side reins affect rein tension at trot. Vet J. 2011;188:291\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"182_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.030","volume":"198","author":"M Eisersi\u00f6","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eisersi\u00f6 M, Roepstorff L, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall A. Movements of the horse\u2019s mouth in relation to the horse-rider kinematic variables. Vet J. 2013;198(Suppl 1):e33\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00063.x","volume":"42","author":"A Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m A, Rhodin M, von Peinen K, Weishaupt MA, Roepstorff L. Kinematics of saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses performing collected walk on a treadmill. Equine Vet J. 2010;42:340\u20135.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X394454","volume":"41","author":"A Bystr\u00f6m","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m A, Rhodin M, Peinen K, Weishaupt MA, Roepstorff L. Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill. Equine Vet J. 2009;41:280\u20134.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP140024","volume":"11","author":"M Eisersi\u00f6","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eisersi\u00f6 M, Roepstorff L, Rhodin M, Egenvall A. A snapshot of the training schedule for 8 professional riders riding dressage. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2015;11:35\u201346.","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"182_CR14","unstructured":"Eisersi\u00f6 M. How to build a rein tension meter. Degree project in Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 2013. http:\/\/stud.epsilon.slu.se. Accessed 4 July 2015."},{"key":"182_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01592.x","volume":"28","author":"HNF Buchner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Buchner HNF, Savelberg HHCM, Schamhardt HC, Barneveld A. Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. Equine Vet J. 1996;28:71\u20136.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J."},{"key":"182_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.757","volume":"62","author":"MJ Faber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Faber MJ, Johnston C, Schamhardt HC, van Weeren PR, Roepstorff L, Barneveld A. Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses trotting on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:757\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"182_CR17","unstructured":"Anonymous. The principles of riding: the official instruction handbook of the German National Equestrian Federation. Shrewsbury: Kenilworth Press; 1997."},{"key":"182_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1079\/ECP200420","volume":"1","author":"K Terada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Terada K, Mullineaux DR, Lanovaz J, Kato K, Clayton HM. Electromyographic analysis of the rider\u2019s muscles at trot. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2004;1:193\u20138.","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"182_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2014.04.001","volume":"9","author":"LA Hawson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hawson LA, Salvin HE, McLean AN, McGreevy PD. Riders\u2019 application of rein tension for walk-to-halt transitions on a model horse. J Vet Behav. 2015;9:164\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Behav."},{"key":"182_CR20","first-page":"419","volume":"10","author":"M Eisersi\u00f6","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eisersi\u00f6 M, Roepstorff L, Rhodin M, Egenvall A. Rein tension in eight professional riders during regular training sessions. JVB Clin Appl Res. 2015;10:419\u201326.","journal-title":"JVB Clin Appl Res."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T15:50:55Z","timestamp":1793807455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-015-0182-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"89"}}