{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T16:26:19Z","timestamp":1793809579609,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]],"date-time":"2016-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>True vaginal prolapse is a rare condition in dogs and it is occasionally observed in animals with constipation, dystocia, or forced separation during breeding. If a true prolapse occurs, the bladder, the uterine body and\/or distal part of the colon, may be present in the prolapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 2-year-old intact non pregnant Central Asian Shepherd dog in moderate condition, was presented for a true vaginal and rectal prolapse. The prolapses were confirmed by physical examination and ultrasonography. Herniation of the urinary bladder was identified within the vaginal prolapse. The necrotic vaginal wall was resected, the urinary bladder was reduced surgically and fixed to the right abdominal wall to prevent recurrence. Rectal resection and anastomosis was necessary to correct the rectal prolapse. Recurrence of the prolapses was not observed and the dog recovered completely after the surgical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our opinion, extreme tenesmus arising from constipation may have predisposed to the vaginal prolapse with bladder incarceration and secondarily to rectal prolapse. In the young female dog, true vaginal prolapse with secondary involvement of the urinary bladder and irreducible rectal prolapse is an exceptionally rare condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0235-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T22:08:15Z","timestamp":1474495695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vaginal prolapse with urinary bladder incarceration and consecutive irreducible rectal prolapse in a dog"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ciprian-Andrei","family":"Ober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmin Petru","family":"Pe\u0219tean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Victoria","family":"Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Taulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"C\u0103toi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidonia","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Milgram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liviu Ioan","family":"Oana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50057-7","volume":"21","author":"K Manothaiudom","year":"1991","unstructured":"Manothaiudom K, Johnston SD. Clinical approach to vaginal\/vestibular masses in the bitch. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract. 1991;21:509\u201321.","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"235_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.10.022","volume":"100","author":"M Alan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alan M, Cetin Y, Sendag S, Eski F. True vaginal prolapse in a bitch. Anim Reprod Sci. 2007;100:411\u20134.","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"235_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.202.02.295","volume":"202","author":"MA Memon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Memon MA, Pavletic MM, Kumar MS. Chronic vaginal prolapse during pregnancy in a bitch. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202:295\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"235_CR4","first-page":"476","volume-title":"Current therapy in theriogenology","author":"PM Wykes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wykes PM. Diseases of the vagina and vulva in the bitch. In: Morrow DA, editor. Current therapy in theriogenology. London: Saunders; 1986. p. 476\u201381."},{"key":"235_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-33-6-533","volume":"33","author":"PS McNamara","year":"1997","unstructured":"McNamara PS, Harvey HJ, Dykes N. Chronic vaginocervical prolapse with visceral incarceration in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1997;33:533\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"235_CR6","first-page":"43","volume":"166","author":"HE Canatan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canatan HE, Ergin I, Polat IM, Yazlik MO. Unusual cases of vaginal prolapse concurrent with cystocele in two dogs. Revue M\u00e9d V\u00e9t. 2015;166:43\u20136.","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e9d V\u00e9t"},{"key":"235_CR7","first-page":"1314","volume":"53","author":"O Besalti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Besalti O, Ergin I. Cystocele and rectal prolapse in a female dog. 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Vaginal edema and vaginal fold prolapse in the bitch, including surgical management. 2001. http:\/\/www.ivis.org\/advances\/Concannon\/schaefers\/IVIS.pdf?q=ivis. Accessed Dec 2015."},{"key":"235_CR12","volume-title":"Miller\u2019s anatomy of the dog","author":"HE Evans","year":"2012","unstructured":"Evans HE, de Lahunta A. Miller\u2019s anatomy of the dog. 4th ed. 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