{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:30:50Z","timestamp":1791639050256,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agria & Svenska Kennelklubben Forskningsfond","award":["N2019-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2019-0014"]}]},{"name":"Dansk Kennel Klub","award":["117728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117728"]}]},{"name":"E-Vet"},{"name":"Air Greenland"},{"name":"Visit Greenland"},{"name":"Dansk Polarhunde Klub"},{"name":"Den Gr\u00f8nlandske Fond"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009898","name":"Beckett-Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["113758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Dyrl\u00e6ge W. L\u00e6nkholms Rejselegat"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"K\u00f8benhavns Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Selskabet for arktisk forskning og teknologi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Greenland sled dogs (GSD) are a unique, genetically isolated population of dogs living under exceptional environmental conditions. Metabolism, and thereby thyroid hormones are affected by multiple factors. Among other activity, energy balance and environmental conditions are important. A breed-specific reference interval (RI) can be useful for diagnostics of potential thyroid-related pathologies. The aim of this study was to establish RIs of the thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in GSD. In addition to evaluate the effect of sex, age, season, management, and body condition score (BCS) in GSD. Physical exams and cephalic venous blood sampling were performed in the period of 2018\u20132019 from 265 GSD managed either privately or by the Danish navy. Serum biochemical analyses, including C-reactive protein, were performed and RIs were determined for TSH, T4 and fT4 in only healthy dogs. The RIs were determined using American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and the effect of varying factors were evaluated by linear regression and further tested by Mann\u2013Whitney test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>144 GSD were included in the reference group resulting in RIs: T4: 6.44\u201348.65\u00a0nmol\/L; fT4: 3.91\u201318.51\u00a0pmol\/L; and TSH: 0.04\u20130.55\u00a0ng\/mL. Female GSD had significantly higher concentrations of T4 (P\u2009=\u20090.039) and fT4 (P\u2009=\u20090.015) compared to males; a positive correlation between TSH and aging was found; T4 concentrations were significantly higher (P\u2009=\u20090.003) during summer; and TSH concentrations were lower in GSD managed by the navy (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). BCS was higher (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in Sirius GSD compared to civilian GSD, and BCS was positively correlated with T4 and negatively correlated with TSH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reference intervals for T4, fT4 and TSH in GSD were established. The RI for T4 and fT4 was lower compared to other breeds. In addition, sex, age, season, management and BCS demonstrated variable effects on thyroid hormones. Our results can be used as a foundation for improving management and further research of GSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T13:02:53Z","timestamp":1638190973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["QimmeqHealth\u2014thyroid status of Greenland sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris borealis)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Bolette Winnerskjold","family":"Gjaldb\u00e6k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie Ulrikka","family":"Andersen-Ranberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Langeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0060-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Kirstine Havns\u00f8e","family":"Krogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"617_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20313","volume":"130","author":"A Helgason","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helgason A, P\u00e1lsson G, Pedersen HS, Angulalik E, Gunnarsd\u00f3ttir ED, Yngvad\u00f3ttir B, et al. mtDNA variation in Inuit populations of Greenland and Canada: migration history and population structure. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006;130:123\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"617_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz8599","volume":"368","author":"M-HS Sinding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinding M-HS, Gopalakrishnan S, Ramos-Madrigal J, de Manuel M, Pitulko VV, Kuderna L, et al. Arctic-adapted dogs emerged at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Science. 2020;368:1495\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"617_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107281196","volume-title":"The private journal of GF Lyon of HMS Hecla","author":"GF Lyon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyon GF. The private journal of GF Lyon of HMS Hecla. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014."},{"key":"617_CR4","unstructured":"Amundsen R. The south pole: an account of the Norwegian Antarctic expedition in the \"Fram\", 1910\u20131912: J. Murray. 1929."},{"key":"617_CR5","unstructured":"Rasmussen K. Den store sl\u00e6derejse: Lindhardt og Ringhof. 2016."},{"key":"617_CR6","unstructured":"Freuchen P. Min gr\u00f8nlandske ungdom: Lindhardt og Ringhof. 2018."},{"key":"617_CR7","unstructured":"Rasmussen K. Den litter\u00e6re Gr\u00f8nlandsekspedition 1902\u20131904 Danish Royal Library. http:\/\/www5.kb.dk\/da\/nb\/materialer\/haandskrifter\/HA\/e-mss\/knud_rasmussen\/index.html#2. Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"617_CR8","volume-title":"The North Pole: Its discovery in 1909 under the auspices of the Peary Arctic Club","author":"RE Peary","year":"1910","unstructured":"Peary RE, Roosevelt T. The North Pole: Its discovery in 1909 under the auspices of the Peary Arctic Club. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; 1910."},{"key":"617_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-009-0432-7","volume":"180","author":"N Gerth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerth N, Redman P, Speakman J, Jackson S, Starck JM. Energy metabolism of Inuit sled dogs. J Comp Physiol B. 2010;180:577\u201389.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"617_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-56-11","volume":"56","author":"AK Krogh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krogh AK, Legind P, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Bochsen L, Kristensen AT. Exercise induced hypercoagulability, increased von Willebrand factor and decreased thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2014;56:11.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"617_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.226","volume":"224","author":"JA Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JA, Hinchcliff KW, Piercy RJ, Schmidt KE, Nelson S Jr. Effects of racing and nontraining on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:226\u201331.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"617_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02485.x","volume":"17","author":"DL Panciera","year":"2003","unstructured":"Panciera DL, Hinchcliff KW, Olson J, Constable PD. Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs competing in a long-distance sled dog race. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:593\u20136.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"617_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.333","volume":"65","author":"MD Evason","year":"2004","unstructured":"Evason MD, Carr AP, Taylor SM, Waldner CL. Alterations in thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy sled dogs before and after athletic conditioning. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:333\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"617_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.12.1457","volume":"58","author":"K Hinchcliff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hinchcliff K, Reinhart G, Burr J, Schreier C, Swenson R. Metabolizable energy intake and sustained energy expenditure of Alaskan sled dogs during heavy exertion in the cold. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:1457\u201362.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"617_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715606953","volume":"27","author":"RL Hegstad-Davies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SM, Sharkey LC, Gresch SC, Mu\u00f1oz-Zanzi CA, Davies PR. Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2015;27:716\u201327.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"617_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2011.05.009","volume":"13","author":"L Freeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, et al. WSAVA nutritional assessment guidelines. J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:516\u201325.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"617_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.03.454","volume":"51","author":"T Reimers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reimers T, Lawler D, Sutaria P, Correa M, Erb H. Effects of age, sex, and body size on serum concentrations of thyroid and adrenocortical hormones in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:454\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"617_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006","volume":"41","author":"KR Friedrichs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Friedrichs KR, Harr KE, Freeman KP, Szladovits B, Walton RM, Barnhart KF, et al. ASVCP reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics. Vet Clin Pathol. 2012;41:441\u201353.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"617_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00179.x","volume":"38","author":"A Geffr\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geffr\u00e9 A, Friedrichs K, Harr K, Concordet D, Trumel C, Braun JP. Reference values: a review. Vet Clin Pathol. 2009;38:288\u201398.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"617_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071212","volume":"10","author":"A Miglio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miglio A, Gavazza A, Siepi D, Bagaglia F, Misia A, Antognoni MT. Hematological and biochemical reference intervals for 5 adult hunting dog breeds using a blood donor database. Animals. 2020;10:1212.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"617_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081288","volume":"8","author":"J Lawrence","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lawrence J, Chang Y-MR, Szladovits B, Davison LJ, Garden OA. Breed-specific hematological phenotypes in the dog: a natural resource for the genetic dissection of hematological parameters in a mammalian species. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e81288.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"617_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149650","volume":"11","author":"Y-M Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang Y-M, Hadox E, Szladovits B, Garden OA. Serum biochemical phenotypes in the domestic dog. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0149650.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"617_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00360.x","volume":"40","author":"S Zald\u00edvar-L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zald\u00edvar-L\u00f3pez S, Marin L, Iazbik M, Westendorf-Stingle N, Hensley S, Couto C. Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds. Vet Clin Pathol. 2011;40:414\u201325.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"617_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12117","volume":"91","author":"I Uhr\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uhr\u00edkov\u00e1 I, La\u010d\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1 A, Tandlerova K, Kucha\u0159ov\u00e1 V, \u0158eh\u00e1kov\u00e1 K, Janova E, et al. Haematological and biochemical variations among eight sighthound breeds. Aust Vet J. 2013;91:452\u20139.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"617_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00186.x","volume":"39","author":"L Nielsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen L, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen AL, Kristensen AT. Breed-specific variation of hematologic and biochemical analytes in healthy adult Bernese Mountain dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2010;39:20\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"617_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12665","volume":"47","author":"B Ruggerone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruggerone B, Giraldi M, Paltrinieri S, Scarpa P. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals in Shetland Sheepdogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018;47:617\u201324.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"617_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12086","volume":"54","author":"K Sheerer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheerer K, Couto C, Marin L, Zald\u00edvar-Lopez S, Iazbik M, Dillberger J, et al. Haematological and biochemical values in North American Scottish deerhounds. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54:354\u201360.","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"617_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod31.1.148","volume":"31","author":"TJ Reimers","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reimers TJ, Mummery LK, Mc Cann JP, Cowan RG, Concannon PW. Effects of reproductive state on concentrations of thyroxine, 3, 5, 3\u2032-triiodothyronine and cortisol in serum of dogs. Biol Reprod. 1984;31:148\u201354.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"617_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.63.1241","volume":"63","author":"E Oohashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oohashi E, Yagi K, Uzuka Y, Tanabe S, Sarashina T, Ishida T. Seasonal changes in serum total thyroxine, free thyroxine, and canine thyroid-stimulating hormone in clinically healthy beagles in Hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci. 2001;63:1241\u20133.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"617_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201281020183","volume":"81","author":"M Fialkovi\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fialkovi\u010dov\u00e1 M, Mardzinov\u00e1 S, Benkov\u00e1 M, Moj\u017ei\u0161ov\u00e1 J, Ga\u00e1lov\u00e1 M, Seszt\u00e1kov\u00e1 E. Seasonal influence on the thyroid gland in healthy dogs of various breeds in different weights. Acta Vet Brno. 2012;81:183\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Brno"},{"key":"617_CR31","unstructured":"Hackney A, Hodgdon J. Thyroid hormone changes during military field operations: effects of cold exposure in the Arctic. Naval Health Research Center San Diego CA. 1991."},{"key":"617_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1986.tb03595.x","volume":"25","author":"H Reed","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reed H, Burman K, Shakir K, O\u2019brian J. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis after prolonged residence in Antarctica. Clin Endocrinol. 1986;25:55\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"617_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.09.1489","volume":"52","author":"DE Lee","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lee DE, Lamb S, Reimers T. Effects of hyperlipemia on radioimmunoassays for progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol in serum and plasma samples from dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:1489\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"617_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v61i4.17491","volume":"61","author":"S Andersen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andersen S, Hvingel B, Laurberg P. Iodine content of traditional Greenlandic food items and tap water in East and West Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2002;61:332\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"617_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2000.0523","volume":"161","author":"V Castillo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Castillo V, Lalia J, Junco M, Sartorio G, Marquez A, Rodriguez M, et al. Changes in thyroid function in puppies fed a high iodine commercial diet. Vet J. 2001;161:80\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"617_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50007-8","volume":"31","author":"RJ Kemppainen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN. Diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin North Am. 2001;31:951\u201362.","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:24:17Z","timestamp":1726208657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actavetscand.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-021-00617-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the Departmental Ethical Administrative Committee in Greenland (Catalogue no. 2019-12949) and by the Departmental Ethics and Administrative Committee at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Catalogue no. 2019-40).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All owners have signed a consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}