{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T16:07:04Z","timestamp":1793981224283,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"University of Ferrara","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FAR 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IZSLER Ferrara Territorial Office"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), that can be found in a wide variety of household products\u2013from disinfectants to medicaments and home fragrances\u2013but also professional products. In pets, cats have long been reported as more sensitive than dogs to QACs; in fact, signs of irritation such as oral ulcerations, stomatitis and pharyngitis can be observed after contact with concentrations of 2% or lower. In a review of 245 cases of BAC exposure in cats, reported by the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (United Kingdom) only 1.2% of the cases died or were euthanized. Nevertheless, BAC toxidromes in cats can result in transitory CNS and respiratory distress, as well as severe mucosal and cutaneous lesions. Currently, only a few reports are available concerning BAC poisoning in this species.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 4\u00a0month-old kitten presented with severe glossitis, lameness in the hindlimbs and episodes of vomiting and diarrhoea. The cause was unknown until the owners reported use of a BAC-containing mould remover (5%) 4\u00a0days later. The patient developed severe oral burns requiring a pharyngeal tube for feeding and severe cutaneous chemical burns. The kitten was managed with supportive therapy and required hospitalization for 10\u00a0days. The symptoms disappeared completely 3\u00a0weeks after exposure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>BAC is a very common compound contained in several household and professional products but, to the best of our knowledge, no previous case had been reported in Italy. We hope that this report will help raise awareness on the hazards of BAC products for cats in both domestic and work contexts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00737-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T14:02:29Z","timestamp":1713189749000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A case of severe benzalkonium chloride intoxication in a cat"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Silva","family":"Rubini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bertocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Zordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Magri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Barsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sampieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Alessandro","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Vertuani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1889284","volume":"52","author":"OW Barber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barber OW, Hartmann EM. Benzalkonium chloride: a systematic review of its environmental entry through wastewater treatment, potential impact, and mitigation strategies. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2022;52:2691\u2013719.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.12.068","volume":"148","author":"Y Xue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xue Y, Hieda Y, Saito Y, Nomura T, Fujihara J, Takayama K, et al. Distribution and disposition of benzalkonium chloride following various routes of administration in rats. Toxicol Lett. 2004;148:113\u201323.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(90)50043-1","volume":"20","author":"AM Kore","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kore AM, Kiesche-Nesselrodt A. Toxicology of household cleaning products and disinfectants. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract. 1990;20:525\u201337.","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"737_CR4","first-page":"145","volume-title":"In: Clinical Veterinary Toxicology","author":"RJ Detergents","year":"2004","unstructured":"Detergents RJ. In: Clinical Veterinary Toxicology. Missouri: Mosby (Elsevier) St Louis; 2004. p. 145\u20136."},{"key":"737_CR5","unstructured":"BSAVA\/VPIS. Guide to common canine and feline poisons. british small animal veterinary association. Gloucester GL 2 2AB. 2012. 121\u2013122"},{"key":"737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.h1119","volume":"176","author":"R Malik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malik R, Page SW, Finlay-Jones G, Barfiels DM, Sparkes AH. Benzalkonium chloride intoxication in cats. 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The animal in this study was handled according to high ethical standards and national legislation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}