{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:39:20Z","timestamp":1778744360565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Suomen El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suomen Kennelliitto"},{"name":"Open Access funding provided by University of Helsinki"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), observed in many flat-faced dog breeds, is one of the most urgent welfare problems in pedigree dogs. Various breeding schemes against BOAS have been implemented in many countries during recent years, but their impact on breed health remains unknown. The BOAS breeding test, used by the Finnish Kennel Club (FKC), includes an exercise component with a recovery assessment, BOAS grading by a veterinarian that evaluates upper respiratory signs before and after exercise, and a nostril stenosis assessment. The aim of our study was to evaluate BOAS breeding test results and estimate the heritability of the BOAS grade using parent\u2013offspring regression from FKC data collected during 2017\u20132022.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The majority (80%) of dogs (n\u2009=\u2009957) participating in FKC BOAS testing were English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, and Pugs. In 2022, 89\u2013100% of the litters from these three breeds registered with the FKC had at least one parent tested for BOAS. The proportion of dogs failing the exercise test was highest in English Bulldogs (11%), followed by French Bulldogs (4%) and Pugs (3%). In these three breeds, moderate to severe BOAS signs were reported in 28%, 22% and 30% of dogs, respectively. The proportion of moderate to severe nostril stenosis was highest (71%) in Pugs, followed by French Bulldogs (55%), and English Bulldogs (40%). Estimates of heritability for BOAS grade were separately calculated for these three breeds and for all dogs, and the estimates were moderate to high, ranging from 0.39 to 0.58.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The exercise test alone did not sufficiently identify dogs with moderate to severe BOAS signs. To better consider the complex nature of BOAS and breed differences, exercise tolerance, the severity of upper respiratory signs (BOAS grade) and nostril stenosis should all be assessed together in breeding animals. The heritability estimates for veterinary-assessed BOAS grade indicated that BOAS grade could be used in selective breeding to obtain less-affected offspring.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00755-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T20:12:21Z","timestamp":1721333541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome breeding test results in Finland from 2017 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liisa Iiris Onerva","family":"Lilja-Maula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katariina Helena","family":"M\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mimma Kristiina","family":"Aromaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minna Marjaana","family":"Rajam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"755_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.033","volume":"182","author":"L Asher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asher L, Diesel G, Summers JF, McGreevy PD, Collins LM. 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BOAS breeding test results were obtained from the FKC register. All owners whose dogs participate in the FKC BOAS test sign an informed consent for their dogs\u00b4 results to be published in the FKC public breeding database and further used for research. The retrospective data obtained from the FKC have been handled in accordance with data processing regulations at the FKC and the University of Helsinki, Finland.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"BOAS breeding test results were obtained from the FKC register. All owners whose dogs participate in the FKC BOAS test sign an informed consent for their dogs\u00b4 results to be published in the FKC public breeding database and further used for research. Individual animals cannot be identified from the data presented here.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}