{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:42:25Z","timestamp":1793900545246,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael Forsgrens stiftelse"},{"name":"F\u00f6reningen Jamaren"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Staggering disease (SD) is a severe neurological disease that has been regularly reported in Swedish cats since the beginning of the 1970s. The aetiology of SD has been debated, but novel rustrela virus (RusV) was recently suggested as the causative agent in Swedish cases dating from 2017 onwards. However, whether RusV was associated with earlier cases of feline SD in Sweden remained unknown. Further, presence of RusV in extraneural tissues of RusV-infected cats and viral transmission routes for RusV are still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the presence of RusV in nervous tissue of historical cases of plausible feline SD in Sweden, dating back to the 1970s, as well as the presence of RusV in selected extraneural tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain and spinal cord from 14 encephalitic cats matching the criteria for SD based on clinical and pathological records, and five non-encephalitic control cats were screened for the presence of RusV antigen and RNA using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. Extraneural presence of RusV antigen was investigated by IHC in four known RusV-positive cats. Morphologic changes were evaluated using light microscopy. In addition, the 14 encephalitic cats were tested for Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) RNA by RT-qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Morphologic findings compatible with SD were confirmed in 13 of 14 encephalitic cats. All 13 cats were RusV-positive by IHC and 12 of them also by RT-qPCR. One encephalitic cat, morphologically and clinically untypical of SD, as well as all control cats tested negative for RusV RNA and showed either negative or uncertain RusV immunolabeling. There was no firm evidence of extraneural presence of RusV. All encephalitic cats were negative for BoDV-1.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We show that RusV has infected cats in Sweden as far back as the 1970s, whereas BoDV-1 was not detected in any of the investigated cats. This further strengthens RusV as the causative agent of feline SD. Our findings suggest that RusV is strongly neurotropic in cats and that the cat may represent a dead-end host. Further investigations into the pathogenesis of RusV-associated meningoencephalomyelitis in cats are warranted, including disease transmission, pathophysiologic responses and mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T05:05:44Z","timestamp":1732338344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evidence of rustrela virus-associated feline staggering disease in Sweden since the 1970s"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1812-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Thil\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Rubbenstroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Tengstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas Johansson","family":"Wensman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(92)90015-M","volume":"107","author":"A-L Lundgren","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lundgren A-L. Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. a clinical and pathological study. J Comp Pathol. 1992;107:411\u201325.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"783_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36204-w","volume":"14","author":"K Matiasek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matiasek K, Pfaff F, Weissenb\u00f6ck H, Wylezich C, Kolodziejek J, Tengstrand S, et al. Mystery of fatal \u201cstaggering disease\u201d unravelled: novel rustrela virus causes severe meningoencephalomyelitis in domestic cats. Nat Commun. 2023;14:624.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081621","volume":"15","author":"V Weiss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weiss V, Weidinger P, Matt J, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nowotny N, Weissenb\u00f6ck H. Rustrela virus-associated encephalomyelitis ('staggering disease\u2019) in cats from eastern Austria, 1994\u20132016. Viruses. 2023;15:1621.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"783_CR4","first-page":"720","volume":"26","author":"T Kronevi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kronevi T, Nordstr\u00f6m M, Moreno W, Nilsson PO. Feline ataxia due to nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology. Nord Vet Med. 1974;26:720\u20135.","journal-title":"Nord Vet Med"},{"key":"783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.6.1668-1669.1995","volume":"33","author":"N Nowotny","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nowotny N, Weissenb\u00f6ck H. Description of feline nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (\u201cstaggering disease\u201d) and studies of its etiology. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:1668\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"783_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548230","volume":"34","author":"AL Lundgren","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lundgren AL, Ludwig H. Clinically diseased cats with non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis have Borna disease virus-specific antibodies. Acta Vet Scand. 1993;34:101\u20133.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"783_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2008.000m6.x","volume":"116","author":"JJ Wensman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wensman JJ, Berg M, Berg AL. Experiences of Borna disease virus infection in Sweden. APMIS Suppl. 2008;116:46\u20139.","journal-title":"APMIS Suppl"},{"key":"783_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00030-6","volume":"68","author":"A-L Berg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berg A-L, Johannisson A, Johansson M, Hein A, Berg M, D\u00f6rries R. Peripheral and intracerebral T cell immune response in cats naturally infected with Borna disease virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1999;68:241\u201353.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"783_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.26.715","volume":"142","author":"A-L Berg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berg A-L, Reid-Smith R, Larsson M, Bonnett B. Case control study of feline Borna disease in Sweden. Vet Rec. 1998;142:715\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"783_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294319","volume":"90","author":"AL Lundgren","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundgren AL, Lindberg R, Ludwig H, Gosztonyi G. Immunoreactivity of the central nervous system in cats with a Borna disease-like meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease). Acta Neuropathol. 1995;90:184\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"783_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-9-2215","volume":"76","author":"AL Lundgren","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundgren AL, Zimmermann W, Bode L, Czech G, Gosztonyi G, Lindberg R, et al. Staggering disease in cats: isolation and characterization of the feline Borna disease virus. J Gen Virol. 1995;76:2215\u201322.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"783_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12446638","volume":"14","author":"JJ Wensman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wensman JJ, J\u00e4derlund KH, Gustavsson MH, Hansson-Hamlin H, Karlstam E, Lillieh\u00f6\u00f6k I, et al. Markers of Borna disease virus infection in cats with staggering disease. J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14:573\u201382.","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"783_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.01.034","volume":"143","author":"JJ Wensman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wensman JJ, Thor\u00e9n P, Hakhverdyan M, B\u00e9lak S, Berg M. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of Borna disease virus. J Virol Methods. 2007;143:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"783_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2812-9","volume":"586","author":"AJ Bennett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bennett AJ, Paskey AC, Ebinger A, Pfaff F, Priemer G, H\u00f6per D, et al. Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals. Nature. 2020;586:424\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"783_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14708","volume":"69","author":"A Voss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Voss A, Schlieben P, Gerst S, Wylezich C, Pfaff F, Langner C, et al. Rustrela virus infection\u2014an emerging neuropathogen of red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus). Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:4016\u201321.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"783_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00103-22","author":"F Pfaff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pfaff F, Breithaupt A, Rubbenstroth D, Nippert S, Baumbach C, Gerst S, et al. Revisiting rustrela virus: new cases of encephalitis and a solution to the capsid enigma. Microbiol Spectr. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00103-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"783_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.230172","volume":"29","author":"M de le Roi","year":"2023","unstructured":"de le Roi M, Puff C, Wohlsein P, Pfaff F, Beer M, Baumg\u00e4rtner W, et al. Rustrela virus as putative cause of nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in lions. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:1042\u20135.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"783_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead048","author":"S Nippert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nippert S, Rubbenstroth D, Geers JA, Ebinger A, Hoffmann D, Breithaupt A, et al. Continuous presence of genetically diverse rustrela virus lineages in yellow-necked field mouse reservoir populations in northeastern Germany. Virus Evol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ve\/vead048.","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"783_CR19","first-page":"2093","volume":"67","author":"V Schulze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schulze V, Gro\u00dfe R, F\u00fcrstenau J, Forth LF, Ebinger A, Richter MT, et al. Borna disease outbreak with high mortality in an alpaca herd in a previously unreported endemic area in Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67:2093\u2013107.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"783_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30546-8","volume":"20","author":"HH Niller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Rubbenstroth D, Schlottau K, Ebinger A, Giese S, et al. Zoonotic spillover infections with Borna disease virus 1 leading to fatal human encephalitis, 1999\u20132019: an epidemiological investigation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:467\u201377.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"783_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","volume":"37","author":"BQ Minh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, von Haeseler A, et al. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol Biol Evol. 2020;37:1530\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"783_CR22","volume-title":"Borna disease virus infection in cats: On the etiopathogenesis of feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease)","author":"A-L Lundgren","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundgren A-L. Borna disease virus infection in cats: On the etiopathogenesis of feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease). Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 1995."},{"key":"783_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520931259","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520931259","volume":"48","author":"QQ Yi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi QQ, Yang R, Shi JF, Zeng NY, Liang DY, Sha S, et al. Effect of preservation time of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues on extractable DNA and RNA quantity. J Int Med Res. 2020;48:300060520931259.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"783_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.12.012","volume":"201","author":"J Johansson Wensman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johansson Wensman J, Hultin J\u00e4derlund K, Str\u00f6m Holst B, Berg M. Borna disease virus infection in cats. Vet J. 2014;201:142\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet J"}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T17:02:06Z","timestamp":1732381326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actavetscand.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-024-00783-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not require official or institutional ethical approval. The investigation was made using archived material and no animals were handled or euthanized for the purpose of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Data included in this article have previously been published in an abstract in the SLU archive for student projects (Epsilon, 7 February 2024) and in the proceedings of the 46th Nordic Society of Veterinary Pathology Symposium and Meeting, Oscarsborg, Norway, 12\u201314 June 2024. Additionally, the study was presented as an oral presentation at the Cutting Edge Pathology Congress, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, 28\u201331 August 2024.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Prior publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}