{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:54:44Z","timestamp":1791582884079,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Vet Scand"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The preservation of epididymal spermatozoa is useful for saving important genetic material from valuable individuals who die suddenly or have to be castrated. The birth of puppies after artificial insemination with canine epididymal spermatozoa has been reported in only a few cases. Surgical insemination with frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa has resulted in pregnancies, but usually with low conception rates. Freshly collected and chilled epididymal canine semen has also resulted in conception after vaginal insemination. Considering the invasiveness of surgical insemination and the almost unlimited storage time of cryopreserved spermatozoa, transcervical intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa would be beneficial. It has the potential to use genetic material that would otherwise be lost, both in domestic dogs and for the preservation of wild threatened canids.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A 7-year-old, 20\u00a0kg male hunting dog was injured by a wild boar during hunting, and euthanasia was recommended for welfare reasons. Because the dog was a hunting champion in a numerically very small breed, the owner wanted to have spermatozoa preserved for future breeding. The dog was anaesthetised, both testes were removed, and the dog was thereafter euthanized. Spermatozoa from both caudae epididymides were released in a prewarmed Uppsala extender with the mincing method. The samples were routinely frozen with the Uppsala method. A half-filled straw was used for test thawing, resulting in 20% motile spermatozoa with slow progressive movement. Three years later, a 23-month-old bitch of the same breed was inseminated with endoscopically guided transcervical intrauterine sperm deposition. She was inseminated once, five days after a serum progesterone value of 6.9 nmol\/mL was reached, and two days after a value of 24.8 nmol\/mL was reached. The total amount of cryopreserved spermatozoa was used (a total dose of 1087\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> spermatozoa and 217\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> progressively motile spermatozoa remaining after test thawing). Eight puppies were born 59 days after insemination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although rarely reported, artificial insemination with cryopreserved epididymal canine spermatozoa is an alternative in preserving valuable genetic animals when a male is injured beyond recovery.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T11:58:46Z","timestamp":1747915126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Birth of puppies after endoscopically guided transcervical intrauterine insemination with cryopreserved epididymal canine spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-7038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Axn\u00e9r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Hermansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12820","volume":"52","author":"GC Luvoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luvoni GC, Morselli MG. Canine epididymal spermatozoa: A hidden treasure with great potential. Reprod Domest Anim. 2017;52(Suppl 2):197\u2013201.","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"809_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.06.024","volume":"82","author":"E Korochkina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korochkina E, Johannisson A, Goodla L, Morrell JM, Axner E. Effect of prostatic fluid on the quality of fresh and frozen-thawed canine epididymal spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2014;82:1206\u201311.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"809_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.10.1639","volume":"204","author":"SL Marks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Marks SL, Dupuis J, Mickelsen WD, Memon MA, Platz CC. Jr. Conception by use of postmortem epididymal semen extraction in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204:1639\u201340.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"809_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2005.00622.x","volume":"40","author":"P Klinc","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klinc P, Majdic G, Sterbenc N, Cebulj-Kadunc N, Butinar J, Kosec M. Establishment of a pregnancy following intravaginal insemination with epididymal semen from a dog castrated due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Reprod Domest Anim. 2005;40:559\u201361.","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"809_CR5","unstructured":"Wydooghe E, Snoeck F, Van Soom A. Establishment of live birth following intravaginal artificial insemination with chilled epididymal dog semen collected post mortem: Case report. In: 8th ISCFR with 19th EVSSAR Congr: June 22\u201325; Paris. 2016: 231."},{"key":"809_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.05.027","volume":"63","author":"T Hori","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hori T, Hagiuda K, Kawakami E, Tsutsui T. Unilateral intrauterine insemination with prostatic fluid-sensitized frozen caudal epididymal sperm in beagle dogs. Theriogenology. 2005;63:1573\u201383.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"809_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.37","volume":"66","author":"T Hori","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hori T, Ichikawa M, Kawakami E, Tsutsui T. Artificial insemination of frozen epididymal sperm in beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2004;66:37\u201341.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"809_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11-0241","volume":"73","author":"T Hori","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hori T, Matsuda Y, Kobayashi M, Kawakami E, Tsutsui T. Comparison of fertility on intrauterine insemination between cryopreserved ejaculated and cauda epididymal sperm in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2011;73:1685\u20138.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"809_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13061","volume":"99","author":"A Gunn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gunn A, Hyatt J, Annandale A, Annandale H, Heil B, Joone C, et al. The animal welfare aspects of surgical artificial insemination in the canine. Aust Vet J. 2021;99:137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/avj.13061.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"809_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l718","volume":"184","author":"J Loeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loeb J. Canine surgical AI now a prohibited procedure. Vet Rec. 2019;184:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.l718.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"809_CR11","unstructured":"Linde Forsberg C. Regulations and recommendations for international shipment of chilled and frozen canine semen. In: Recent advances in small animal reproduction. International veterinary information service. Edited by Concannon PW, England G, Verstegen J, Linde Forsberg C. Ithaca NY.: Ithaca: International Veterinary Information Service (www.ivis.org; 2014: Document No. A1209.0314."},{"key":"809_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.06.004","volume":"65","author":"U Hermansson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hermansson U, Linde Forsberg C. Freezing of stored, chilled dog spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2006;65:584\u201393.","journal-title":"Theriogenology"}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T11:58:48Z","timestamp":1747915128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actavetscand.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-025-00809-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-0147","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not require official or institutional ethical approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"This case report is based on routine medical records at the animal hospital, but with all information where the individual animals can be identified removed. Therefore, breed is not disclosed to protect the identity of the owners.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The data included in this article have previously been published as abstracts in the Proceedings of the 25th International EVSSAR Congress - European Veterinary Society for Small Animal Reproduction, Barcelona, Spain, 27th --29th June 2024.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Prior publication"}}],"article-number":"24"}}