{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T08:47:46Z","timestamp":1750668466401,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Confl Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Central African Republic (CAR) suffers a protracted conflict and has the second lowest human development index in the world. Available mortality estimates vary and differ in methodology. We undertook a retrospective mortality study in the Ouaka prefecture to obtain reliable mortality data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a population-based two-stage cluster survey from 9 March to 9 April, 2020 in Ouaka prefecture. We aimed to include 64 clusters of 12 households for a required sample size of 3636 persons. We assigned clusters to communes proportional to population size and then used systematic random sampling to identify cluster starting points from a dataset of buildings in each commune. In addition to the mortality survey questions, we included an open question on challenges faced by the household.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We completed 50 clusters with 591 participating households including 4000 household members on the interview day. The median household size was 7 (interquartile range (IQR): 4\u20149). The median age was 12 (IQR: 5\u201427). The birth rate was 59.0\/1000 population (95% confidence interval (95%-CI): 51.7\u201467.4).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>The crude and under-five mortality rates (CMR &amp; U5MR) were 1.33 (95%-CI: 1.09\u20141.61) and 1.87 (95%-CI: 1.37\u20132.54) deaths\/10,000 persons\/day, respectively. The most common specified causes of death were malaria\/fever (16.0%; 95%-CI: 11.0\u201322.7), violence (13.2%; 95%-CI: 6.3\u201325.5), diarrhoea\/vomiting (10.6%; 95%-CI: 6.2\u201317.5), and respiratory infections (8.4%; 95%-CI: 4.6\u201314.8). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 2525\/100,000 live births (95%-CI: 825\u20145794). Challenges reported by households included health problems and access to healthcare, high number of deaths, lack of potable water, insufficient means of subsistence, food insecurity and violence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The CMR, U5MR and MMR exceed previous estimates, and the CMR exceeds the humanitarian emergency threshold. Violence is a major threat to life, and to physical and mental wellbeing. Other causes of death speak to poor living conditions and poor access to healthcare and preventive measures, corroborated by the challenges reported by households. Many areas of CAR face similar challenges to Ouaka. If these results were generalisable across CAR, the country would suffer one of the highest mortality rates in the world, a reminder that the longstanding \u201csilent crisis\u201d continues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T09:03:27Z","timestamp":1625043807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mortality beyond emergency threshold in a silent crisis\u2013 results from a population-based mortality survey in Ouaka prefecture, Central African Republic, 2020"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eve","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie F.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelie","family":"Poelhekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelaide","family":"Ouabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorieke","family":"Vyncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cono","family":"Ariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariette Claudia Adame","family":"Gbanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martial Tanguy","family":"Ouakouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nell","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Templeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Hejdenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"Hersevoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibyl Jade","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kuehne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"385_CR1","unstructured":"M\u00e9decins sans Fronti\u00e8res. 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People, medical facilities hit during violence in southern CAR. Available from: https:\/\/www.msf.org\/people-medical-facilities-hit-during-violence-southern-car. Accessed 1 Mar 2021."},{"key":"385_CR64","unstructured":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res. Shooting shows civilians continue to pay high price for the perpetual cycle of violence in CAR. Available from: https:\/\/www.msf.org\/shooting-incident-near-bambari-car-kills-people-including-msf-staff. Accessed 1 Mar 2021."},{"key":"385_CR65","unstructured":"OHCRH. CAR: Violations of human rights and international humanitarian law must be punished to prevent ongoing violence and conflict. Available from: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26664&LangID=E. Accessed 26 Feb 2021."},{"key":"385_CR66","unstructured":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [supplementary appendix 2]. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204\u201322."}],"container-title":["Conflict and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T09:07:20Z","timestamp":1625044040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00385-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-1505"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1752-1505"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We received ethical approval from the MSF Ethics Review Board (ERB) (ID 1987) and the national ERB of CAR (Comit\u00e9 Scientifique charge de la validation des protocoles d\u2019\u00e9tude et des r\u00e9sultats, Universit\u00e9 de Bangui, Facult\u00e9 de Science de la Sante) (No 2\/UB\/FACSS\/CES\/20). The Ministry of Health assented to the undertaking of the study.On the day of the survey, we visited the village chief or a designate to inform them of the purpose of the study and seek their approval before proceeding. In the selected household, we provided the household head with oral and written information about the study and obtained oral consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None declared.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}