{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:18:10Z","timestamp":1793697490548,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Selective mutism (SM) has been conceptualized as an extreme variant of social anxiety disorder (SAD), in which the failure to speak functions as an avoidance mechanism leading to a reduction of intense fear arousal. However, psychophysiological studies in children with SM are scarce and physiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak are largely unknown. In contrast, children with SAD are characterized by a combination of a chronically elevated physiological arousal and a blunted physiological fear response to social stress. Due to the large overlap between SM and SAD, similar mechanisms might apply to both disorders, while differences might explain why children with SM fail to speak. The aim of our study is to investigate psychophysiological mechanisms of the failure to speak in children with SM.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We assessed in a total of N\u2009=\u200996 children [8\u201312\u00a0years, SM: n\u2009=\u200931, SAD: n\u2009=\u200932, typical development (TD): n\u2009=\u200933] resting baseline arousal in absence of social threat and the course of physiological fear response in two social stress paradigms, differing in terms of whether the children are expected to speak (verbal task) or not (nonverbal task).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Children with SM were characterized by increased tonic arousal compared to the other two groups, and by a more inflexible stress response in the nonverbal but not in the verbal task compared to TD-children. Further analyses revealed that children with SM who did not speak during the verbal task already demonstrated reduced arousal in anticipation of the verbal task.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The increased tonic arousal generalized to non-social situations in SM could indicate a long-term alteration of the autonomic nervous system. Furthermore, the differential physiological stress response may indicate that silence acts as a maladaptive compensatory mechanism reducing stress in verbal social situations, which does not function in nonverbal situations. Our findings support the idea that the failure to speak might function as an avoidance mechanism, which is already active in anticipation of a verbal situation. Treatment of SM should take into account that children with SM may suffer from chronically elevated stress levels and that different mechanisms might operate in verbal and nonverbal social situations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T17:03:22Z","timestamp":1640711002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Psychophysiological mechanisms underlying the failure to speak: a comparison between children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder on autonomic arousal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5174-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Vogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Schwenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"430_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","edition":"5"},{"issue":"6","key":"430_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007547","volume":"251","author":"H Remschmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Remschmidt H, Poller M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hennighausen K, Gutenbrunner C. A follow-up study of 45 patients with elective mutism. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251(6):284\u201396.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280604500107","volume":"45","author":"RH Schwartz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schwartz RH, Freedy AS, Sheridan MJ. Selective mutism: are primary care physicians missing the silence? Clin Pediatr. 2006;45(1):43\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"430_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01560.x","volume":"47","author":"H-C Steinhausen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinhausen H-C, Wachter M, Laimb\u00f6ck K, Metzke CW. A long-term outcome study of selective mutism in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(7):751\u20136.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-015-0181-y","volume":"18","author":"P Muris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muris P, Ollendick TH. Children who are anxious in silence: a review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015;18(2):151\u201369.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"430_CR6","volume-title":"KiMut NRW: Eine Studie zur Identifikation von Kindern mit selektivem Mutismus im schulischen Primarbereich: KiMut NRW: Identification of children with selective mutism within elementary schools","author":"A Starke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Starke A. KiMut NRW: Eine Studie zur Identifikation von Kindern mit selektivem Mutismus im schulischen Primarbereich: KiMut NRW: Identification of children with selective mutism within elementary schools. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publ; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00933-1","volume":"51","author":"J Driessen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Driessen J, Blom JD, Muris P, Blashfield RK, Molendijk ML. Anxiety in children with selective mutism: a meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2020;51(2):330\u201341.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"430_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01281-0","volume":"28","author":"F Vogel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vogel F, Gensthaler A, Stahl J, Schwenck C. Fears and fear-related cognitions in children with selective mutism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(9):1169\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"430_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0835-4","volume":"25","author":"A Gensthaler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gensthaler A, Khalaf S, Ligges M, Kaess M, Freitag CM, Schwenck C. Selective mutism and temperament: the silence and behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25(10):1113\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"430_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01588-3","volume":"30","author":"KL Poole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poole KL, Cunningham CE, McHolm AE, Schmidt LA. Distinguishing selective mutism and social anxiety in children: a multi-method study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;30(7):1059\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"430_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000070262.24125.23","volume":"42","author":"R Yeganeh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yeganeh R, Beidel DC, Turner SM, Pina AA, Silverman WK. Clinical distinctions between selective mutism and social phobia: an investigation of childhood psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(9):1069\u201375.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20670","volume":"27","author":"SM B\u00f6gels","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00f6gels SM, Alden L, Beidel DC, Clark LA, Pine DS, Stein MB, et al. Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(2):168\u201389.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"12","key":"430_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6006","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00546-w","volume":"40","author":"C Schwenck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwenck C, Gensthaler A, Vogel F. Anxiety levels in children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychol. 2019;40(12):6006\u201313.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445512443980","volume":"36","author":"BJ Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young BJ, Bunnell BE, Beidel DC. Evaluation of children with selective mutism and social phobia: a comparison of psychological and psychophysiological arousal. Behav Modif. 2012;36(4):525\u201344.","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"issue":"7","key":"430_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199507000-00007","volume":"34","author":"B Black","year":"1995","unstructured":"Black B, Uhde TW. Psychiatric characteristics of children with selective mutism: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(7):847\u201356.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20139","volume":"23","author":"R Yeganeh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yeganeh R, Beidel DC, Turner SM. Selective mutism: more than social anxiety? Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(3):117\u201323.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"430_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103696","volume":"133","author":"MI Milic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Milic MI, Carl T, Rapee RM. Similarities and differences between young children with selective mutism and social anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2020;133:103696.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"430_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman BH, Thayer JF. Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: a cardiovascular approach. Biol Psychol. 1998;47(3):243\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(97)00027-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"430_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.328","volume":"40","author":"LE Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams LE, Oler JA, Fox AS, McFarlin DR, Rogers GM, Jesson MAL, et al. Fear of the unknown: uncertain anticipation reveals amygdala alterations in childhood anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(6):1428\u201335.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"430_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","volume":"14","author":"DW Grupe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grupe DW, Nitschke JB. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(7):488\u2013501.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i4.204","volume":"7","author":"R Gordan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gordan R, Gwathmey JK, Xie L-H. Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function. World J Cardiol. 2015;7(4):204\u201314.","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4","volume":"61","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2000;61(3):201\u201316.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"430_CR23","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment","author":"DM Clark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clark DM, Wells. A cognitive model. In: Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 1995. p. 63\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009","volume":"74","author":"BH Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedman BH. An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biol Psychol. 2007;74(2):185\u201399.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002012","volume":"13","author":"T Beauchaine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beauchaine T. Vagal tone, development, and Gray\u2019s motivational theory: toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(2):183\u2013214.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000800","volume":"24","author":"KJ Heilman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heilman KJ, Connolly SD, Padilla WO, Wrzosek MI, Graczyk PA, Porges SW. Sluggish vagal brake reactivity to physical exercise challenge in children with selective mutism. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24(1):241\u201350.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0443-5","volume":"23","author":"J Siess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siess J, Blechert J, Schmitz J. Psychophysiological arousal and biased perception of bodily anxiety symptoms in socially anxious children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(3):127\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9548-9","volume":"40","author":"M Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer M, Seefeldt WL, Heinrichs N, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmitz J, Wolf OT, et al. Subjective, autonomic, and endocrine reactivity during social stress in children with social phobia. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(1):95\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"430_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02417.x","volume":"52","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M, Tuschen-Caffier B, Heinrichs N, Blechert J. Restricted autonomic flexibility in children with social phobia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(11):1203\u201311.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"430_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0405-y","volume":"22","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmitz J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Wilhelm FH, Blechert J. Taking a closer look: autonomic dysregulation in socially anxious children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(10):631\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"430_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.056","volume":"175","author":"A Alkozei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkozei A, Creswell C, Cooper PJ, Allen JJB. Autonomic arousal in childhood anxiety disorders: associations with state anxiety and social anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:25\u201333.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0147-7","volume":"45","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asbrand J, Blechert J, Nitschke K, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schmitz J. Aroused at home: basic autonomic regulation during orthostatic and physical activation is altered in children with social anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45(1):143\u201355.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"430_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.2307\/1129793","volume":"55","author":"J Kagan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kagan J, Reznick JS, Clarke C, Snidman N, Garcia-Coll C. Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev. 1984;55(6):2212.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2307\/1130344","volume":"57","author":"JS Reznick","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reznick JS, Kagan J, Snidman N, Gersten M, Baak K, Rosenberg A. Inhibited and uninhibited children: a follow-up study. Child Dev. 1986;57(3):660.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"430_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.2307\/1130672","volume":"59","author":"J Kagan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N, Gibbons J, Johnson MO. Childhood derivatives of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev. 1988;59(6):1580\u20139.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/013)","volume":"46","author":"KJ Reilly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reilly KJ, Moore CA. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia during speech production. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(1):164\u201377.","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0201-7","volume":"13","author":"S Scott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scott S, Beidel DC. Selective mutism: an update and suggestions for future research. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13(4):251\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.07.008","volume":"43","author":"H Kley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kley H, Tuschen-Caffier B, Heinrichs N. Safety behaviors, self-focused attention and negative thinking in children with social anxiety disorder, socially anxious and non-anxious children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43(1):548\u201355.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"430_CR39","unstructured":"Morris JD. Observations: SAM: the self-assessment manikin; an efficient cross-cultural measurement of emotional response. J Advert Res. 1995. http:\/\/64.85.8.165\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/observations.pdf."},{"key":"430_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.11.001","volume":"6","author":"AP Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen AP, Kennedy PJ, Dockray S, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G. The trier social stress test: principles and practice. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;6:113\u201326.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"430_CR41","unstructured":"Schneider S, Pflug V, In-Albon T, Margraf J. Kinder-DIPS open access: Diagnostisches interview bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Bochum; 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000430","volume":"46","author":"J Margraf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Margraf J, Cwik JC, Pflug V, Schneider S. Strukturierte klinische Interviews zur Erfassung psychischer St\u00f6rungen \u00fcber die Lebensspanne. Z Klin Psychol Psychother. 2017;46(3):176\u201386.","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"5","key":"430_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/\/a000247","volume":"41","author":"M Neuschwander","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neuschwander M, In-Albon T, Adornetto C, Roth B, Schneider S. Interrater-Reliabilit\u00e4t des Diagnostischen Interviews bei psychischen St\u00f6rungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (Kinder-DIPS). Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. 2013;41(5):319\u201334.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1573","volume":"26","author":"M Neuschwander","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neuschwander M, In-Albon T, Meyer AH, Schneider S. Acceptance of a structured diagnostic interview in children, parents, and interviewers. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2017;26(3): e1573.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"430_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118787328","volume":"27","author":"A Gensthaler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gensthaler A, Dieter J, Raisig S, Hartmann B, Ligges M, Kaess M, et al. Evaluation of a novel parent-rated scale for selective mutism. Assessment. 2020;27(5):1007\u201315.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80005-2","volume":"31","author":"DC Beidel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beidel DC, Turner SM, Hamlin K, Morris TL. The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C): external and discriminative validity. Behav Ther. 2000;31(1):75\u201387.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"430_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000138","volume":"39","author":"S Melfsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Melfsen S, Walitza S, Warnke A. Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Normierung des Sozialphobie und -angstinventars f\u00fcr Kinder (SPAIK) an einer klinischen Stichprobe. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2011;39(6):399\u2013406 (quiz 406\u20137).","journal-title":"Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.014511","volume":"2","author":"H Kley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kley H, Tuschen-Caffier B, Heinrichs N. Manipulating self-focused attention in children with social anxiety disorder and in socially anxious and non-anxious children. J Exp Psychopathol. 2011;2(4):551\u201370.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-5-5","volume":"5","author":"S Melfsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Melfsen S, K\u00fchnemund M, Schwieger J, Warnke A, Stadler C, Poustka F, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy of socially phobic children focusing on cognition: a randomised wait-list control study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2011;5(1):5.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0316-z","volume":"44","author":"A Gensthaler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gensthaler A, M\u00f6hler E, Resch F, Paulus F, Schwenck C, Freitag CM, et al. Retrospective assessment of behavioral inhibition in infants and toddlers: development of a parent report questionnaire. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2013;44(1):152\u201365.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064626","DOI":"10.1080\/23311835.2015.1064626","volume":"2","author":"D Trafimow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trafimow D. A defense against the alleged unreliability of difference scores. Cogent Math. 2015;2(1):1064626.","journal-title":"Cogent Math"},{"key":"430_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.002","volume":"51","author":"GC Dieleman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dieleman GC, Huizink AC, Tulen JHM, Utens EMWJ, Creemers HE, van der Ende J, et al. Alterations in HPA-axis and autonomic nervous system functioning in childhood anxiety disorders point to a chronic stress hypothesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:135\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"430_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00558-x","volume":"47","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asbrand J, Schmitz J, Kr\u00e4mer M, Nitschke K, Heinrichs N, Tuschen-Caffier B. Effects of group-based CBT on post-event processing in children with social anxiety disorder following an experimental social stressor. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019;47(12):1945\u201356.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"430_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00129-3","volume":"22","author":"B McEwen","year":"2000","unstructured":"McEwen B. Allostasis and allostatic load implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22(2):108\u201324.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000065","volume":"23","author":"K Kozlowska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kozlowska K, Walker P, McLean L, Carrive P. Fear and the defense cascade: clinical implications and management. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2015;23(4):263\u201387.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1718","key":"430_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160206","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0206","volume":"372","author":"K Roelofs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roelofs K. Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1718):20160206.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"430_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00343-8","volume":"61","author":"PJ Lang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lang PJ, Davis M, \u00d6hman A. Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. J Affect Disord. 2000;61(3):137\u201359.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"430_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00012-2","volume":"13","author":"KD Anstendig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anstendig KD. Is selective mutism an anxiety disorder? Rethinking its DSM-IV classification. J Anxiety Disord. 1999;13(4):417\u201334.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53683-4","volume":"9","author":"L R\u00f6sler","year":"2019","unstructured":"R\u00f6sler L, Gamer M. Freezing of gaze during action preparation under threat imminence. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):17215.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"430_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-016-9198-8","volume":"9","author":"BN Zakszeski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zakszeski BN, DuPaul GJ. Reinforce, shape, expose, and fade: a review of treatments for selective mutism (2005\u20132015). Sch Ment Health. 2017;9(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Sch Ment Health"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T07:38:21Z","timestamp":1713339501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/capmh.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-021-00430-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Department of Psychology of the University of Giessen and therefore has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All persons who were included in this study gave their informed consent prior to the begin of their participation. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and written informed consent was obtained from the parents.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"81"}}