{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:26:34Z","timestamp":1792794394573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["7244339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7244339"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82171538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing High level Public Health Technology Talent Construction Project","award":["2022-2-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2-007"]}]},{"name":"Joint Basic-Clinical Laboratory of Pediatric Epilepsy and Cognitive Developmental","award":["3-1-013-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-1-013-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur, the nature of the relationship between their symptoms is not well understood. Network analysis of psychopathology allow for detailed examinations of symptom interactions, providing an effective approach to explore the patterns of comorbidity between TS and ADHD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study included 3,958 participants (male\/female\u2009=\u20093,004\/954, age mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD\u2009=\u20098.60\u2009\u00b1\u20092.25 years). We collected data on TS symptoms using the Motor Tic, Obsessions and Compulsions, Vocal Tic Evaluation Survey (MOVES), and ADHD symptoms using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-IV (SNAP-IV). Network analysis was employed to construct a combined network of TS and ADHD symptoms at the symptom level. We utilized the expected influence (EI) and bridge EI metrics to explore the core and bridge symptoms within the network.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The network structure demonstrated a moderate number of non-zero connections between TS and ADHD symptoms, constituting 23.06% of all potential connections. Core symptoms in the comorbidity network included \u201cOften has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities,\u201d \u201cCertain bad words or thoughts keep going through my mind,\u201d and \u201cWords come out that I can\u2019t stop or control.\u201d Bridging symptoms identified were \u201cWords come out that I can\u2019t stop or control,\u201d \u201cI do certain things like jumping or clapping over and over,\u201d \u201cI can\u2019t control all my movements,\u201d and \u201cOften talks excessively.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The core and bridging symptoms identified in this study serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of TS and ADHD comorbidity in clinical children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T16:03:00Z","timestamp":1726502580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Network analysis of Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00303-9","volume":"22","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Worbe Y, Foote KD, Butson CR, Gunduz A, Okun MS. Tourette syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(2):147\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00303-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10222","key":"810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)33004-1","volume":"395","author":"J Posner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Posner J, Polanczyk GV, Sonuga-Barke E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2020;395(10222):450\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)33004-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16097","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97","volume":"3","author":"MM Robertson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robertson MM, Eapen V, Singer HS, Martino D, Scharf JM, Paschou P, et al. Gilles De La Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:16097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.97.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D. ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(2):175\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366(17)30167-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2417-0","volume":"174","author":"N El Malhany","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Malhany N, Gulisano M, Rizzo R, Curatolo P. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: causes and consequences. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174(3):279\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-014-2417-0.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580600966383","volume":"29","author":"SW Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang SW, McCracken JT, Piacentini JC. Neurocognitive correlates of child obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29(7):724\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825580600966383.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617700000631","volume":"1","author":"EL Harris","year":"1995","unstructured":"Harris EL, Schuerholz LJ, Singer HS, Reader MJ, Brown JE, Cox C, et al. Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and\/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;1(6):511\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700000631.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.1.147","volume":"11","author":"DW Shucard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shucard DW, Benedict RH, Tekok-Kilic A, Lichter DG. Slowed reaction time during a continuous performance test in children with Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neuropsychology. 1997;11(1):147\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.5.644.1118","volume":"20","author":"EM Sherman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sherman EM, Shepard L, Joschko M, Freeman RD. Sustained attention and impulsivity in children with Tourette syndrome: comorbidity and confounds. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20(5):644\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.20.5.644.1118.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-7358(98)00059-2","volume":"19","author":"DM Sheppard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sheppard DM, Bradshaw JL, Purcell R, Pantelis C. Tourette\u2019s and comorbid syndromes: obsessive compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A common etiology? Clin Psychol Rev. 1999;19(5):531\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-7358(98)00059-2.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.006","volume":"80","author":"S Morand-Beaulieu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morand-Beaulieu S, Grot S, Lavoie J, Leclerc JB, Luck D, Lavoie ME. The puzzling question of inhibitory control in Tourette syndrome: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:240\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.006.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092850","volume":"17","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2021","unstructured":"McNally RJ. Network analysis of psychopathology: controversies and challenges. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17:31\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092850.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","volume":"1","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Deserno MK, Rhemtulla M, Epskamp S, Fried EI, McNally RJ, et al. Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nat Reviews Methods Primers. 2021;1(1):58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Methods Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415594429","volume":"50","author":"V Eapen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eapen V, Snedden C, \u010crn\u010dec R, Pick A, Sachdev P. Tourette syndrome, co-morbidities and quality of life. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50(1):82\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867415594429.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01111-4","volume":"53","author":"EJ Ricketts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ricketts EJ, Wolicki SB, Danielson ML, Rozenman M, McGuire JF, Piacentini J, et al. Academic, interpersonal, recreational, and family impairment in children with tourette syndrome and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-020-01111-4.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11080181","volume":"24","author":"CM Eddy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eddy CM, Cavanna AE, Gulisano M, Cal\u00ec P, Robertson MM, Rizzo R. The effects of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder on quality of life in tourette syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(4):458\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11080181.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718772158","volume":"23","author":"S Erbilgin G\u00fcn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erbilgin G\u00fcn S, Kilincaslan A. Quality of life among children and adolescents with Tourette disorder and comorbid ADHD: a clinical controlled study. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(8):817\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054718772158.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615618664","volume":"4","author":"MM Martel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martel MM, Levinson CA, Langer JK, Nigg JT. A network analysis of developmental change in ADHD symptom structure from preschool to adulthood. Clin Psychol Sci. 2016;4(6):988\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702615618664.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2020.00098","volume":"9","author":"S Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang S, Lai X, Xue Y, Zhang C, Wang Y. A network analysis of problematic smartphone use symptoms in a student sample. J Behav Addict. 2020;9(4):1032\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.2020.00098.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02468-5","volume":"13","author":"H Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai H, Zhao YJ, He F, Li SY, Li ZL, Zhang WY, et al. Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms among clinically stable adolescents with major psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis perspective. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02468-5.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.1994.4.269","volume":"4","author":"GS Gaffney","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gaffney GS, Hellings K. The MOVES: a self-rating scale for Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1994;4(4):269\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.1994.4.269.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26891","volume":"32","author":"D Martino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martino D, Pringsheim TM, Cavanna AE, Colosimo C, Hartmann A, Leckman JF, et al. Systematic review of severity scales and screening instruments for tics: critique and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2017;32(3):467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26891.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-024-01734-x","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang X, Yang K, Zhang A, Yu L, Jiang Z, et al. Psychometric properties of the MOVES scale for Tourette syndrome and comorbidities in a Chinese cultural context. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01734-x.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.237","volume":"17","author":"SS Gau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gau SS, Shang CY, Liu SK, Lin CH, Swanson JM, Liu YC, et al. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale - parent form. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2008;17(1):35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.237.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103542","volume":"83","author":"HC Abhayaratna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abhayaratna HC, Ariyasinghe DI, Ginige P, Chandradasa M, Hansika KS, Fernando A, et al. Psychometric properties of the Sinhala version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale (SNAP-IV) parent form in healthy children and children with ADHD. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023;83:103542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2023.103542.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","volume":"23","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Fried EI. A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychol Methods. 2018;23(4):617\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000167.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm045","volume":"9","author":"J Friedman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso. Biostatistics. 2008;9(3):432\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm045.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"810_CR28","first-page":"1129","volume":"21","author":"TMJ Fruchterman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fruchterman TMJ, Reingold EM. Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software: Pract Exp. 1991;21:1129.","journal-title":"Software: Pract Exp."},{"issue":"2","key":"810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13436","volume":"63","author":"LC Farhat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farhat LC, Brentani H, de Toledo VHC, Shephard E, Mattos P, Baron-Cohen S, et al. ADHD and autism symptoms in youth: a network analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63(2):143\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13436.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","volume":"125","author":"DJ Robinaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinaugh DJ, Millner AJ, McNally RJ. Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125(6):747\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000181.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898","volume":"56","author":"PJ Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones PJ, Ma R, McNally RJ. Bridge centrality: a network approach to understanding comorbidity. Multivar Behav Res. 2021;56(2):353\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","volume":"28","author":"CD van Borkulo","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Borkulo CD, van Bork R, Boschloo L, Kossakowski JJ, Tio P, Schoevers RA, et al. Comparing network structures on three aspects: a permutation test. Psychol Methods. 2023;28(6):1273\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000476.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2079","volume":"72","author":"C van Borkulo","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Borkulo C, Boschloo L, Borsboom D, Penninx BW, Waldorp LJ, Schoevers RA. Association of Symptom Network structure with the course of [corrected] Depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(12):1219\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2079.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(18)30022-1","volume":"2","author":"SM Sawyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(3):223\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-4642(18)30022-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(1):195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00946","volume":"5","author":"N Heym","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heym N, Kantini E, Checkley HL, Cassaday HJ. Tourette-like behaviors in the normal population are associated with hyperactive\/impulsive ADHD-like behaviors but do not relate to deficits in conditioned inhibition or response inhibition. Front Psychol. 2014;5:946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00946.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00406","volume":"39","author":"T Spencer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, O\u2019Donnell D, Wilens T, Faraone S, et al. Disentangling the overlap between Tourette\u2019s disorder and ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(7):1037\u201344.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.07.24300816","author":"ME Dy-Hollins","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dy-Hollins ME, Chibnik LB, Tracy NA, Osiecki L, Budman CL, Cath DC, et al. Sex differences in people with Tourette syndrome and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder in the Tourette Association of America International consortium for genetics database. medRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.07.24300816.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.001","volume":"129","author":"J Garris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garris J, Quigg M. The female Tourette patient: sex differences in Tourette disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;129:261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.001.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071050","volume":"197","author":"DA Gorman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, Robertson MM, Leckman JF, Peterson BS. Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(1):36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071050.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T16:07:04Z","timestamp":1726502824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/capmh.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-024-00810-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital (Approval No. 2023-E-105-R). All participants provided informed, written consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"118"}}