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During the 5-year study period, children and their parents from the intervention group were invited to join a multi-dimensional HEP. At baseline and follow-up, both intervention and comparison groups were assessed using the Chinese Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Chinese Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form 28 (CHQ-PF28). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to identify changes in outcome variables as the effect of the HEP.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Upon completion of the 5-year follow-up, children in the intervention group showed a larger decline in conduct problems (B\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;.001), hyperactivity inattention (B\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.005), and total difficulties score (B\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a01.89, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.002) of SDQ, a greater increase in prosocial behavior of SDQ (B\u2009=\u20090.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.040), and more substantial enhancement in CHQ-PF28\u2019s psychosocial summary score (B\u2009=\u20092.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.017) compared to the comparison group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>HEP is effective in mitigating behavioral problems and improving psychosocial HRQOL of children of low-income families, as evident by this 5-year cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial Registration<\/jats:italic>: This study received approval (UW 12\u2013517) from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong\/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00834-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T11:18:10Z","timestamp":1731237490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The 5-year outcomes of a health-empowerment program on low-income children\u2019s behaviors and quality of life"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Fangcao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos King Ho","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily Tsui Yee","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy Pui Pui","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Yee Tak","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy Lo Kuen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20880-0_15","volume":"2","author":"A Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil A, Duncan GJ, Ziol-Guest KM. 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