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Latent class analysis, multiple linear regression, and Kendall\u2019s tau coefficient tests were employed to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Physical exercise significantly reduced externalizing problem behaviors, including impulsivity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.188,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), hostility (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.129,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and aggressiveness (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.158,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and also alleviated depression (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.087,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Latent class analysis revealed that students with high levels of exercise had significantly fewer externalizing behaviors compared to low-level exercisers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). High-intensity exercise had greater effects, particularly on impulsivity and hostility. Rural male students exhibited higher levels of aggressiveness and hostility, while urban female students benefited more from exercise interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical exercise has a significant positive impact on reducing externalizing problem behaviors, especially impulsivity, hostility, and aggressiveness, among middle school students. However, its effects on internalizing behaviors are relatively limited. Intervention strategies should consider individual characteristics such as gender and location to maximize effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00903-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T05:54:10Z","timestamp":1745560450000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The impact of physical exercise on internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among middle school students: correlation and regression prediction analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jingtao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"903_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03226-6","volume":"22","author":"TL Golden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Golden TL, Ordway RW, Magsamen S, et al. 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It strictly adheres to the Helsinki Declaration and relevant Chinese ethical regulations to ensure the full protection of the life, health, personal privacy, and dignity of all research subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Prior to data collection, the research team provided detailed explanations of the study\u2019s purpose, methods, and potential risks and benefits to the management of all participating schools, teachers, and parents of students. Informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of all students participating in the study, ensuring that participants were fully informed and voluntarily agreed to take part in the research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent from participants and guardians"}},{"value":"All authors involved in this study agree to publish the research findings in an open-access format. All students and their guardians who participated in the study have been informed and have consented to the use of their data for academic publication and analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publication consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this study. The research was not funded or influenced by any commercial entities, and all conclusions are based on scientific data and objective analysis.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45"}}