{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T11:28:32Z","timestamp":1792927712244,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# PSR2022_DIP_LAMIANI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# PSR2022_DIP_LAMIANI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Opening visits in Intensive Care Units (ICU) to children and adolescents encounters fears and resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on children\u2019s psychological well-being of a prepared visit to family members hospitalized in the ICU.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p> A quasi-experimental, pre-post-intervention design was implemented in 3 ICUs where children were allowed to visit. Children (7\u201317 years) with a close family member (parent, sister\/brother, grandparent) hospitalized in ICU on mechanical ventilation for \u2265\u200948\u00a0h were eligible to participate. Within three days of the family member\u2019s admission, children completed online pre-questionnaires to assess separation anxiety, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and positive and negative affects. After completion of pre-questionnaires, if parents and children expressed the desire to visit, an age-appropriate educational booklet, which was purposefully developed, was offered and the visit was planned and prepared by ICU staff. After the visit, children completed the same questionnaires. Children who did not visit completed the same questionnaires a week after having completed the pre-questionnaires. <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>25 children (8 boys; mean age\u2009=\u200911.3; SD\u2009=\u20092.4) completed pre and post-questionnaires. Children who visited (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917) were older than children who did not visit (U\u2009=\u2009109.000; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016), presented higher separation anxiety (U\u2009=\u2009102.500; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) and lower positive affects (U\u2009=\u200930.000; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=0.027) at pre-questionnaires. Children who visited reported a decrease in separation anxiety (Median-pre\u2009=\u20098; Median-post\u2009=\u20095; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), PTSD symptoms (Median-pre\u2009=\u200925; Median-post\u2009=\u200918; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008) and an increase in positive affect (Median-pre\u2009=\u200933; Median-post\u2009=\u200934; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) at post-questionnaires. Children who did not visit reported a decrease in PTSD symptoms (Median-pre\u2009=\u200913; Median-post\u2009=\u200910; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.018) at post-questionnaires. Compared to children who did not visit, children who visited reported a decrease in separation anxiety (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922.500; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=.006) at post questionnaires. All children who visited (100%) were satisfied and 94% perceived the educational booklets as useful.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Findings suggest that a prepared visit to family members in ICU may decrease children\u2019s separation anxiety, without evident harm.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T09:14:30Z","timestamp":1749201270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visiting a loved one in the ICU with the aid of dedicated booklets is associated with reduced separation anxiety in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1943-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Lamiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bonazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Maxia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo Walter","family":"Rivolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mistraletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40(2):618\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236ebf9. PMID: 22080636.","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236ebf9"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002964","volume":"46","author":"JL Ferg\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferg\u00e9 JL, Le Terrier C, Banydeen R, et al. Prevalence of anxiety and depression symptomatology in adolescents faced with the hospitalization of a loved one in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(4):e330\u20133.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00061","volume":"28","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2000","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Chevret S, Leleu G, Pochard F, Barboteu M, Adrie C, et al. Half the families of intensive care unit patients experience inadequate communication with physicians. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(8):3044\u20139.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"906_CR4","first-page":"1334","volume":"79","author":"G Lamiani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lamiani G, Giannini A, Fossati I, Prandi E, Vegni E. Parental experience of end-of life care in the pediatric intensive care unit. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(12):1334\u201343.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003155","volume":"46","author":"AP Nassar Junior","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nassar Junior AP, Besen BA, Robinson CC, et al. Flexible versus restrictive visiting policies in ICUs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:1175\u201380.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.572537","volume":"113","author":"S Fumagalli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fumagalli S, Boncinelli L, Lo Nostro A, et al. Reduced cardiocirculatory complications with unrestrictive visiting policy in an intensive care unit. Results from a pilot, randomized trial. Circulation. 2006;113:946\u201352.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-11-18","volume":"11","author":"FJ van der Sluis","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Sluis FJ, Slagt C, Liebman B, Beute J, Mulder JWR, Engel A. The impact of open versus closed format ICU admission practices on the outcome of high risk surgical patients: a cohort analysis. BMC Surg. 2011;11:18.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.8766","volume":"322","author":"RG Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosa RG, et al. Effect of flexible family visitation on delirium among patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2019;322(3):216\u201328.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1401-8","volume":"28","author":"H Burchardi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burchardi H. Let\u2019s open the door! Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(10):1371\u20132.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"906_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berwick DM, Kotagal M. Restricted visiting hours in ICUs: time to change. JAMA. 2004; 292(6):736\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.292.6.736. PMID: 15304472.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.6.736"},{"key":"906_CR11","unstructured":"Italian Committee for Bioethics. Intensive care unit. open to family visits. Consiglio Nazionale dei Ministri; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/bioetica.governo.it\/media\/3232\/p112_2013_intensive-care-unit_en.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2005.01517.x","volume":"16","author":"SE Knutsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knutsson SE, Bergbom IL. Custodians\u2019 viewpoints and experiences from their child\u2019s visit to an ill or injured nearest being cared for at an adult intensive care unit. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(2):362\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04472.x","volume":"61","author":"S Knutsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knutsson S, Samuelsson IP, Hellstr\u00f6m AL, Bergbom I. Children\u2019s experiences of visiting a seriously ill\/injured relative on an adult intensive care unit. J Adv Nurs. 2008;61:154\u201362.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2015.07.007","volume":"32","author":"S Knutsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knutsson S, Bergbom I. Children\u2019s thoughts and feelings related to visiting critically ill relatives in an adult ICU: a qualitative study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2016;32:33\u201341.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"906_CR15","volume-title":"Attachment and loss. Vol I: attachment","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. Vol I: attachment. London, United Kingdom: Hogart; 1969."},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2020500","volume":"40","author":"G Lamiani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamiani G, Guerriero V, Vegni E. Opening intensive care units to family members: a contribution from the attachment theory. Crit Care Nurse. 2020;40(2):11\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4037\/ccn2020500.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2021.103036","volume":"65","author":"G Lamiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lamiani G, Bonazza F, Del Negro S, Meyer EC. The impact of visiting the intensive care unit on children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 psychological well-being: a systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2021;65:103036.","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06974-w","volume":"49","author":"M Brauchle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brauchle M, Deffner T, Nydahl P, ICU Kids Study Group. Ten recommendations for child-friendly visiting policies in critical care. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49(3):341\u20134.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"906_CR19","unstructured":"Nicholson AC, Titler M, Montgomery LA, Kleiber C, Craft MJ, Halm M, Buckwalter K, Johnson S. Effects of child visitation in adult critical care units: a pilot study. Heart Lung. 1993 Jan-Feb;22(1):36\u201345."},{"key":"906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamiani G, Maxia M. La caverna nel bosco. Milano: Milano University Press; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/libri.unimi.it\/index.php\/milanoup\/catalog\/view\/61\/131\/609 [accessed 2024 Dec 6].","DOI":"10.54103\/milanoup.61"},{"key":"906_CR21","unstructured":"Maxia M, Lamiani G. Il viaggio. Milano: Milano University Press; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/libri.unimi.it\/index.php\/milanoup\/catalog\/view\/79\/196\/718 [accessed 2024 Dec 6]."},{"key":"906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamiani G, Maxia M, Iodice S, Mistraletti G. Quando tocca a te: guida per adolescenti che hanno un familiare in Terapia Intensiva. Milano: Milano University Press; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/libri.unimi.it\/index.php\/intensiva\/catalog\/view\/135\/306\/1049 [accessed 2024 Dec 6].","DOI":"10.54103\/intensiva.135"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00359.x","volume":"7","author":"JH Flavell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flavell JH. Piaget\u2019s legacy. Psychol Sci. 1996;7(4):200\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00359.x.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0289","volume":"138","author":"CR Cooke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cooke CR, Hotchkin DL, Engelberg RA, Rubinson L, Curtis JR. Predictors of time to death after terminal withdrawal of mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Chest. 2010;138(2):289\u201397.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.106.2.280","volume":"106","author":"SH Spence","year":"1997","unstructured":"Spence SH. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106(2):280.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"906_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00047-8","volume":"34","author":"P Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith P, Perrin S, Dyregrov A, Yule W. Principal components analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war. Pers Individ Differ. 2003;34:315\u201322.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.3.326","volume":"11","author":"J Laurent","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Joiner TE Jr, Rudolph KD, Potter KI, Lambert S, et al. A measure of positive and negative affect for children: scale development and preliminary validation. Psychol Assess. 1999;11(3):326.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"906_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00236-0","volume":"17","author":"SH Spence","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spence SH, Barrett PM, Turner CM. Psychometric properties of the spence children\u2019s anxiety scale with young adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(6):605\u201325.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"261\u2013262","key":"906_CR29","first-page":"117","volume":"57","author":"E Delvecchio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Delvecchio E, Di Riso D, Chessa D, Lis A. The spence children\u2019s anxiety scale in Italian children aged 8\u201310. Giunti Organizzazioni Speciali. 2010;57(261\u2013262):117\u201323.","journal-title":"Giunti Organizzazioni Speciali"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465805002419","volume":"33","author":"S Perrin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perrin S, Meiser-Stedman R, Smith P. The children\u2019s revised impact of event scale (CRIES): validity as a screening instrument for PTSD. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2005;33(4):487\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465805002419.","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"906_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-017-9596-8","volume":"39","author":"E Ciucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ciucci E, Baroncelli A, Tambasco G, Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Joiner TE. Measuring positive affect, negative affect, and physiological hyperarousal among Italian youth: translations of the PANAS-C and PH-C. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39:373\u201382.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"906_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2020.12.009","volume":"34","author":"B Ewens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ewens B, et al. The enablers and barriers to children visiting their ill parent\/carer in intensive care units: a scoping review. Aust Crit Care. 2021;34(6):604\u201319.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"906_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000242233.06011.8e","volume":"46","author":"CA Alfano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alfano CA, Ginsburg GS, Kingery JN. Sleep-related problems among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):224\u201332.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2008.16-389","volume":"16","author":"JT Ehrenreich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ehrenreich JT, Santucci LC, Weiner CL. Separation anxiety disorder in youth: phenomenology, assessment, and treatment. Psicol Conductual. 2008;16(3):389\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.2008.16-389.","journal-title":"Psicol Conductual"},{"issue":"4","key":"906_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2014.04.003","volume":"27","author":"K Sundararajan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sundararajan K, Martin M, Rajagopala S, Chapman MJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder in close relatives of intensive care unit patients: evaluation study. Aust Crit Care. 2014;27(4):183\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aucc.2014.04.003.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"906_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.001","volume":"32","author":"D Trickey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trickey D, Siddaway AP, Meiser-Stedman R, Serpell L, Field AP. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:122\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.001.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"S1","key":"906_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000802","volume":"12","author":"B Lissoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lissoni B, Del Negro S, Brioschi P, Casella G, Fontana I, Bruni C, Lamiani G. Promoting resilience in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: psychological interventions for intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians and family members. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S105\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000802.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2021799","volume":"30","author":"JL Ferg\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferg\u00e9 JL, Banydeen R, Le Terrier C, Fize H, Miguel M, Kentish-Barnes N, et al. Mental health of adolescent relatives of intensive care patients: benefits of an open visitation policy. Am J Crit Care. 2021;30(1):72\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"906_CR39","unstructured":"ICU steps. Available from: https:\/\/icusteps.org\/assets\/files\/activity-book\/visitingICU.pdf [Accessed 2024 Dec 6]."},{"key":"906_CR40","unstructured":"Friesen A, Livingston M, Lima M. All About the Intensive Care Unit: How to Prepare Kids for an ICU Visit. Friesen Press; 2021. ISBN 978-1039134560."},{"issue":"3","key":"906_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/15323269.2015.1049083","volume":"15","author":"J Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis J. The creation of you are important! An intraprofessional project to Meet the needs of staff, parents, and kids visiting a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Librariansh. 2015;15(3):309\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15323269.2015.1049083.","journal-title":"J Hosp Librariansh"},{"issue":"1","key":"906_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002169","volume":"45","author":"JE Davidson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC, Puntillo KA, Kross EK, Hart J, Cox CE, Wunsch H, Wickline MA, Nunnally ME, Netzer G, Kentish-Barnes N, Sprung CL, Hartog CS, Coombs M, Gerritsen RT, Hopkins RO, Franck LS, Skrobik Y, Kon AA, Scruth EA, Harvey MA, Lewis-Newby M, White DB, Swoboda SM, Cooke CR, Levy MM, Azoulay E, Curtis JR. Guidelines for Family-Centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(1):103\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002169.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T09:14:33Z","timestamp":1749201273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/capmh.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00906-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Milan (n\u00b0 2\/20) and was conducted according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki 1975, as recently amended. Either parents, or a single parent if the other was hospitalized in the ICU, provided informed consent for the participation of their children in the research. The data collected were anonymized.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"65"}}