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Patterns of social support among adolescents in each country were assessed using a latent class analysis. The association between the identified social support classes and any mental disorder, suicidal ideation, and self-harm in the past 12 months was assessed using the Bolck\u2013Croon\u2013Hagenaars method, adjusted for demographic characteristics and caregiver mental health. All estimates were weighted to the respective country\u2019s population and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Three latent social support classes were consistently identified in Kenya, Indonesia, and Vietnam: <jats:italic>Caregiver-focussed support<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Other support<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Limited support.<\/jats:italic> The <jats:italic>Caregiver-focussed support<\/jats:italic> class had the highest proportion of adolescents in all three countries (Kenya: 65.3%, 95% CI: 63.0\u201367.5; Indonesia: 54.0%, 95% CI: 50.4\u201357.6; Vietnam: 81.6%, 95% CI: 79.0\u201384.1), although the proportions varied significantly by country. Adolescents in the Caregiver-focussed support class had significantly lower odds of any mental disorder (Kenya: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.25\u20130.38; Indonesia: aOR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17\u20130.31; Vietnam: aOR: 0.39, 95 CI%: 0.26\u20130.57), suicidal ideation (Kenya: aOR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.10\u20130.19; Indonesia: aOR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.10\u20130.29; Vietnam: aOR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24\u20130.76) and self-harm (Kenya aOR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.13; Indonesia aOR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.11\u20130.47 and Vietnam aOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.09\u20130.27) compared to the Limited support class. Adolescents belonging to the Other support class also demonstrated lower odds of these outcomes than those in the Limited support class.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The association between social support and poor mental health indicates the critical role of primary caregivers, other family members, and peers in adolescent mental health. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions that leverage an adolescent\u2019s existing support networks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00923-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T22:03:37Z","timestamp":1753913017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Social support and mental health among adolescents in Kenya, Indonesia, and Vietnam: A latent class analysis using the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joemer C.","family":"Maravilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoshanna L.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astha","family":"Ramaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohannes Dibaba","family":"Wado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirah Ellyza","family":"Wahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally Atieno","family":"Odunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinh Duc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey A.","family":"Whiteford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly E.","family":"Erskine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2021-300318","volume":"25","author":"H Xiaofei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiaofei H, Jiali W, Jing G, Xinxu Z, Jiahai L, Linmao Q, et al. 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Additionally, each in-country lead organisation sought and was granted approval from their relevant in-country ethics committee or institutional review board for their respective survey. The Kenya\u2013 National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (K-NAMHS) received approval from the African Medical and Research Foundation Ethics and Scientific Review Committee (approval no. P654\/2019) and National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation granted the research permit for conducting the study in Kenya (license no. NACOSTI\/P\/19\/837). The Indonesia\u2013 National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS) received approval from the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee at Universitas Gadjah Mada (approval no. KE\/FK\/1212\/EC\/2019), along with approval to conduct a national population-based household survey from the Ministry of Home Affairs, Indonesia (approval no. 440.04\/835\/Polpum). The Viet Nam\u2013 National Adolescent Mental Health Survey (V-NAMHS) received approval from the Ethical Review Board for Biomedical Research at Hanoi University of Public Health (approval no. 499\/2019\/YTCC-HD3). The lead team at the University of Queensland and each in-country lead organisation worked collaboratively to ensure that the content and principles of the in-country ethical approvals were consistent with the overarching ethical approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"85"}}