{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:00:17Z","timestamp":1793142017028,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Fund for Science and Technology of Guangdong Province","award":["STKJ202209070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STKJ202209070"]}]},{"name":"Specific Fund for Science and the Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province","award":["180913154960109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180913154960109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Childhood loneliness is a significant public health concern, particularly in China due to distinct sociocultural contexts. Prior research often overlooks symptom-level interactions, limiting the precision of targeted interventions. This study applied network-based methodologies to clarify the structure of loneliness, identify intervention targets, and examine the roles of psychological factors and family socioeconomic status (SES).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 2,593 school-age children from Shantou, China, were assessed for loneliness, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, ADHD symptoms, perceived social support, hope, and family SES. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> interventions using the <jats:italic>NodeIdentifyR<\/jats:italic> algorithm (NIRA) within an Ising model identified effective targets for prevention and intervention. A Graphical Gaussian Model (GGM) mapped loneliness within a broader psychological context, and a Moderated Network Model (MNM) tested SES influences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Lack of friendship and peer acceptance emerged as key targets for prevention and intervention, respectively. Loneliness functioned as both a central and bridging symptom in the psychological network, closely connected to other psychological variables. Higher SES buffered its associations with depressive symptoms and hope.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Early, peer-focused, and context-sensitive strategies may more effectively support children\u2019s well-being. This study is the first to apply network analysis and <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> intervention methods, providing novel perspectives and strategies for the prevention and intervention of childhood loneliness among Chinese children.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T08:15:33Z","timestamp":1753517733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Targeting childhood loneliness in china: in silico interventions and moderated network analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xinle","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kusheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiya","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"947_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30213-3","volume":"4","author":"N Siva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siva N. Loneliness in children and young people in the UK. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(8):567\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00355-9","volume":"8","author":"LC Hawkley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawkley LC. Loneliness and health. Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2022;8(1):22.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12807","volume":"59","author":"L Lempinen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lempinen L, Junttila N, Sourander A. Loneliness and friendships among eight-year-old children: time-trends over a 24-year period. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(2):171\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"947_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116697","volume":"345","author":"BT Bryan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bryan BT, Thompson KN, Goldman-Mellor S, Moffitt TE, Odgers CL, So SLS, et al. The socioeconomic consequences of loneliness: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study of young adults. Soc Sci Med. 2024;345:116697.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17097-2","volume":"23","author":"N Morrish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morrish N, Choudhury S, Medina-Lara A. What works in interventions targeting loneliness: a systematic review of intervention characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2214.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Supplement3","key":"947_CR6","first-page":"ckae144","volume":"34","author":"L Burke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burke L. Interventions to reduce loneliness in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pub Health. 2024;34(Supplement3):ckae144.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70013","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.70013","volume":"17","author":"Y Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang Y, Wang Q, Tian M, Zheng M, Liu X. Latent profiles and transition of child maltreatment and peer victimization among Chinese internal migrant children: associations with their psychological maladjustment. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2025;17(1):e70013.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"issue":"12","key":"947_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10660","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04882-w","volume":"43","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Li X, Li H, Qu C, Liu M, Lu C, et al. A meta-analysis of loneliness among left-behind children in China. Curr Psychol. 2024;43(12):10660\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"947_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S435977","volume":"16","author":"Z Lan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lan Z, Liu H, Huang X, Wang Q, Deng F, Li J. The impact of academic pressure and peer support on adolescents\u2019 loneliness: A polynomial regression and response surface analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:4617\u201327.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001422","volume":"53","author":"Y Xerxa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xerxa Y, Rescorla LA, Shanahan L, Tiemeier H, Copeland WE. Childhood loneliness as a specific risk factor for adult psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2023;53(1):227\u201335.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"947_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009","volume":"59","author":"ME Loades","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218\u2013e393.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"947_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan C, Gitimoghaddam M, Collet JP. Effects of social isolation and loneliness in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: A scoping review. Brain Sci. 2020;10(11):786.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110786"},{"key":"947_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.075","volume":"271","author":"M Solmi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solmi M, Veronese N, Galvano D, Favaro A, Ostinelli EG, Noventa V, et al. Factors associated with loneliness: an umbrella review of observational studies. J Affect Disord. 2020;271:131\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.13133","volume":"59","author":"J Pascalidis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pascalidis J, Bathelt J. The central importance of loneliness in mental health: A network psychometric study. Int J Psychol. 2024;59(5):690\u2013700.","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"947_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547241229096","volume":"28","author":"A Jong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jong A, Odoi CM, Lau J. Loneliness in young people with ADHD: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord. 2024;28(7):1063\u201381.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"947_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.104573","volume":"108","author":"S Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo S, Liu Y, Zhang D. Psychological maltreatment and loneliness in Chinese children: the role of perceived social support and self-esteem. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;108:104573.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"947_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Q, Wang M, Hao X, Yang C, Wang J, Sun Y et al. Chain mediating role of hope and resilience in the relationship between perceived social support and loneliness among Chinese college students during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2025;60(5):1161\u201371.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-025-02852-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115605177","volume":"24","author":"M Maes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maes M, Van den Noortgate W, Vanhalst J, Beyers W, Goossens L. The children\u2019s loneliness scale. Assessment. 2017;24(2):244\u201351.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"947_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","volume":"9","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Cramer AO. Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:91\u2013121.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","volume":"1","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borsboom D, Deserno MK, Rhemtulla M, Epskamp S, Fried EI, McNally RJ, et al. Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science. Nat Reviews Methods Primers. 2021;1(1):58.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Methods Primers"},{"key":"947_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.06.006","volume":"86","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2016","unstructured":"McNally RJ. Can network analysis transform psychopathology? Behav Res Ther. 2016;86:95\u2013104.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"947_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.11.006","volume":"204","author":"G Lunansky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lunansky G, Naberman J, van Borkulo CD, Chen C, Wang L, Borsboom D. Intervening on psychopathology networks: evaluating intervention targets through simulations. Methods. 2022;204:29\u201337.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"947_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.057","volume":"347","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang X, Fang Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Cai J, Li H, et al. Multidimensional stressors and depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: A network analysis through simulations. J Affect Disord. 2024;347:364\u201374.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1677207","volume":"56","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Borsboom D, Waldorp LJ. Moderated network models. Multivar Behav Res. 2021;56(2):256\u201387.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"947_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292411","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1292411","volume":"11","author":"Y Niu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niu Y, Guo X, Cai H, Luo L. The relation between family socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms among children and adolescents in Mainland china: a meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1292411.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"947_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantin MA, Schuurman NK, Vermunt JK. A general Monte Carlo method for sample size analysis in the context of network models. Psychol Methods. Published online July 10, 2023.","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000555"},{"key":"947_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asher SR, Hymel S, Renshaw PD. Loneliness in children. Child Dev. 1984;55(4):1456\u201364.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130015"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00533.x","volume":"22","author":"P Birleson","year":"1981","unstructured":"Birleson P. The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: a research report. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1981;22(1):73\u201388.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"947_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001327","volume":"36","author":"HE Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green HE, Gabel LN, Stewart EK, Kotelnikova Y, Hayden EP. Latent structure and measurement invariance of the depression Self-Rating scale for children across sex and age. Psychol Assess. 2024;36(9):552\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"947_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00018","volume":"36","author":"B Birmaher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(4):545\u201353.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"947_CR31","first-page":"24","volume":"9","author":"CK C","year":"1973","unstructured":"CK C. Rating scales for use in drug studies with children. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1973;9:24\u201342.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"947_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198707000-00002","volume":"49","author":"JA Blumenthal","year":"1987","unstructured":"Blumenthal JA, Burg MM, Barefoot J, Williams RB, Haney T, Zimet G. Social support, type A behavior, and coronary artery disease. Psychosom Med. 1987;49(4):331\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"947_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/22.3.399","volume":"22","author":"CR Snyder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Snyder CR, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Rapoff M, Ware L, Danovsky M, et al. The development and validation of the children\u2019s hope scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997;22(3):399\u2013421.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"947_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22890","volume":"51","author":"CA Levinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levinson CA, Brosof LC, Vanzhula I, Christian C, Jones P, Rodebaugh TL, et al. Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity and underlying vulnerabilities: using network analysis to conceptualize comorbidity. Int J Eat Disord. 2018;51(7):693\u2013709.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2017.1379379","volume":"53","author":"M Marsman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marsman M, Borsboom D, Kruis J, Epskamp S, van Bork R, Waldorp LJ, et al. An introduction to network psychometrics: relating Ising network models to item response theory models. Multivar Behav Res. 2018;53(1):15\u201335.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"947_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05918","volume":"4","author":"CD van Borkulo","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Borkulo CD, Borsboom D, Epskamp S, Blanken TF, Boschloo L, Schoevers RA, et al. A new method for constructing networks from binary data. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5918.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.837379","volume":"28","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S, Boomsma DI. Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition Emot. 2014;28(1):3\u201321.","journal-title":"Cognition Emot"},{"issue":"6","key":"947_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.11.007","volume":"40","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, Burleson M, Berntson GG, Nouriani B, et al. Loneliness within a Nomological net: an evolutionary perspective. J Res Pers. 2006;40(6):1054\u201385.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"9","key":"947_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203491","volume":"13","author":"EA Layden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Layden EA, Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S. Loneliness predicts a preference for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203491.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"947_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.002","volume":"281","author":"D Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim D, Kwon HJ, Ha M, Lim MH, Kim KM. Network analysis for the symptom of depression with children\u2019s depression inventory in a large sample of school-aged children. J Affect Disord. 2021;281:256\u201363.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"947_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115122","volume":"306","author":"CSJ Kung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kung CSJ, Pudney SE, Shields MA. Economic gradients in loneliness, social isolation and social support: evidence from the UK biobank. Soc Sci Med. 2022;306:115122.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"947_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3382","volume":"80","author":"A Terracciano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terracciano A, Luchetti M, Karakose S, Stephan Y, Sutin AR. Loneliness and risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(11):1138\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"947_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.11.048","volume":"371","author":"Z Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang Z, Wen W, Guan L, Zhang X, Zou L, Gu Q, et al. Latent class analysis of loneliness and the influencing factors among school-age children: A cross-sectional survey. J Affect Disord. 2025;371:72\u201381.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"947_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2018.1454823","volume":"53","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Waldorp LJ, M\u00f5ttus R, Borsboom D. The Gaussian graphical model in Cross-Sectional and Time-Series data. Multivar Behav Res. 2018;53(4):453\u201380.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"947_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.157","volume":"369","author":"F Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang F, Wang W, Sun Z, Wu Y. Being insulted by parents is the most severe early adverse experience of anxiety in adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2025;369:321\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(1):195\u2013212.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898","volume":"56","author":"PJ Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones PJ, Ma R, McNally RJ. Bridge centrality: A network approach to Understanding comorbidity. Multivar Behav Res. 2021;56(2):353\u201367.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"947_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2024.104152","volume":"99","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, Huang N, Yang X, Fang Y, Chen Z. A simulation-based network analysis of intervention targets for adolescent depressive and anxiety symptoms. Asian J Psychiatr. 2024;99:104152.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1070352","volume":"46","author":"GMA Lodder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lodder GMA, Scholte RHJ, Goossens L, Verhagen M. Loneliness in early adolescence: friendship quantity, friendship quality, and dyadic processes. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(5):709\u201320.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"947_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.4.611","volume":"29","author":"JG Parker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Parker JG, Asher SR. Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Dev Psychol. 1993;29(4):611.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"947_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/02667363.2019.1604324","volume":"35","author":"K Antonopoulou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Antonopoulou K, Chaidemenou A, Kouvava S. Peer acceptance and friendships among primary school pupils: associations with loneliness, self-esteem and school engagement. Educational Psychol Pract. 2019;35(3):339\u201351.","journal-title":"Educational Psychol Pract"},{"issue":"25","key":"947_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03263-z","volume":"42","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhao J. Emotional maltreatment and left-behind adolescents\u2019 loneliness in rural china: the moderating role of peer acceptance. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(25):21478\u201388.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"947_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-022-01324-3","volume":"51","author":"KL Kaspar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaspar KL, Massey SL. Implementing Social-Emotional learning in the elementary classroom. Early Child Educ J. 2023;51(4):641\u201350.","journal-title":"Early Child Educ J"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00016","volume":"43","author":"P Qualter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Qualter P, Munn P. The separateness of social and emotional loneliness in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43(2):233\u201344.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR55","first-page":"9","volume":"38","author":"KWOK CD","year":"1995","unstructured":"KWOK CD. The self-perception of competence by Canadian and Chinese children. Psychologia. 1995;38(1):9\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.680","volume":"19","author":"G Fu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fu G, Brunet MK, Lv Y, Ding X, Heyman GD, Cameron CA, et al. Chinese children\u2019s moral evaluation of Lies and Truths-Roles of context and parental Individualism-Collectivism tendencies. Infant Child Dev. 2010;19(5):498\u2013515.","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"947_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037689","volume":"50","author":"X Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen X, Wang L, Li D, Liu J. Loneliness in Chinese children across contexts. Dev Psychol. 2014;50(10):2324\u201333.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17435-4","volume":"23","author":"M Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang M, Wei W, Ren L, Pu Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. How loneliness linked to anxiety and depression: a network analysis based on Chinese university students. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2499.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"947_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s41042-023-00099-1","volume":"8","author":"JA Corrigan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corrigan JA, Schutte NS. The relationships between the hope dimensions of agency thinking and pathways thinking with depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Int J Appl Posit Psychol. 2023;8(2):211\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Posit Psychol"},{"key":"947_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.029","volume":"278","author":"MWM Gijzen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gijzen MWM, Rasing SPA, Creemers DHM, Smit F, Engels R, De Beurs D. Suicide ideation as A symptom of adolescent depression. A network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;278:68\u201377.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"947_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1537935","volume":"16","author":"Y Mi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mi Y, Ahn S, Ren L. Exploring the interconnections of loneliness, anxiety, and depression among nursing students: a network analysis approach. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1537935.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"947_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-023-10204-y","volume":"31","author":"K Magid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magid K, Sagui-Henson SJ, Sweet CC, Smith BJ, Chamberlain CEW, Levens SM. The impact of digital mental health services on loneliness and mental health: results from a prospective, observational study. Int J Behav Med. 2024;31(3):468\u201378.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"947_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00856-3","volume":"49","author":"LG Speyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Speyer LG, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Developmental relations between internalising problems and ADHD in childhood: a symptom level perspective. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021;49(12):1567\u201379.","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"},{"key":"947_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102066","volume":"88","author":"N Hickin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hickin N, K\u00e4ll A, Shafran R, Sutcliffe S, Manzotti G, Langan D. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for loneliness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;88:102066.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715625301","volume":"24","author":"M Cairncross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cairncross M, Miller CJ. The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based therapies for ADHD: A Meta-Analytic review. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(5):627\u201343.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"947_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740094","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.740094","volume":"12","author":"T Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou T, Xie Y, Mao X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Wen J, et al. The mediating role of loneliness between social support and depressive symptoms among Chinese rural adolescents during COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study between Left-Behind and Non-left-behind students. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:740094.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"947_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.07.001","volume":"5","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu M, Yang F, Chen H, Wang Y, Liu J. The associations of socioeconomic status, social activities, and loneliness with depressive symptoms in adults aged 50 years and older across 24 countries: findings from five prospective cohort studies. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2024;5(9):100618.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"947_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00719-x","volume":"18","author":"N Gautam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gautam N, Rahman MM, Hashmi R, Lim A, Khanam R. Socioeconomic inequalities in child and adolescent mental health in australia: the role of parenting style and parents\u2019 relationships. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024;18(1):28.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"947_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiuru N, Salmela-Aro K, Laursen B, Vasalampi K, Beattie M, Tunkkari M et al. Profiles of loneliness and ostracism during adolescence: consequences, antecedents, and protective factors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. Published online February 9, 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-024-01664-8"},{"key":"947_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodgkinson S, Godoy L, Beers LS, Lewin A. Improving mental health access for Low-Income children and families in the primary care setting. Pediatrics. 2017;139(1):e20151175.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1175"},{"issue":"8","key":"947_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317750462","volume":"25","author":"T Ge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ge T. Effect of socioeconomic status on children\u2019s psychological well-being in china: the mediating role of family social capital. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(8):1118\u201327.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"947_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02593","volume":"10","author":"H Lei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lei H, Wang Z, Peng Z, Yuan Y, Li Z. Hope across socioeconomic status: examining measurement invariance of the children\u2019s hope scale across socioeconomic status groups. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2593.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"947_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-022-09936-2","volume":"15","author":"W Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan W, Zhang L, Li W, Kong F. How is subjective family socioeconomic status related to life satisfaction in Chinese adolescents? The mediating role of resilience, self-esteem and hope. Child Indic Res. 2022;15(5):1565\u201381.","journal-title":"Child Indic Res"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:10:48Z","timestamp":1757308248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/capmh.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-025-00947-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1753-2000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1753-2000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC-2023-016) and followed the Declaration of Helsinki. Children gave their assent, and written consent was obtained from their parent or legal guardian.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was obtained from children and their parent or legal guardian.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}