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Its cultivation may thus be exceptionally critical for children exposed to early financial adversity, which has been demonstrated to confer elevated vulnerabilities to psychosocial maladjustment. Grounded in the Family Stress Model with a focus on an understudied Asian population, this longitudinal study investigates how early family socioeconomic disadvantage indirectly shapes children\u2019s trait resilience through key parenting dimensions\u2014warmth, rejection, and autonomy support\u2014by both mothers and fathers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This longitudinal study was embedded in a multi-ethnic, pre-birth cohort involving Singaporean families (57.3% Chinese, 30.0% Malay, 12.7% Indian), comprising 430 biological mothers (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 30.5,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 5.13), 430 children (47.9% female), and 348 biological fathers (\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 33.9,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>Age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 6.03). Key family socioeconomic characteristics were measured at baseline during the 11th week of pregnancy via maternal report (maternal education, household income, and housing type), and at 2 or 3 years postnatal via paternal report (paternal education). Children reported on mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 parenting practices (warmth, rejection, and autonomy support) separately at 8.5 years with the\n                      <jats:italic>Parental Bonding Instrument<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and trait resilience at 10.5 years with the\n                      <jats:italic>Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children from families with lower socioeconomic status during early childhood (indexed by lower levels of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 educational attainment, and household income) demonstrated lower trait resilience in late childhood. Parallel mediation analyses with 5,000 bootstrapped samples revealed that maternal and paternal educational attainment influenced trait resilience in late childhood via greater maternal and paternal rejection during middle childhood, respectively. Meanwhile, the relationship of household income with children\u2019s trait resilience was mediated by lower levels of maternal warmth only. No significant indirect effects of both parents\u2019 autonomy support were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal and paternal parenting practices play salient roles in nurturing children\u2019s trait resilience, in part substantiating the cultural validity of the Family Stress Model within a Southeast Asian family ecology. Specifically, family interventions could seek to ameliorate both maternal and paternal rejection, as well as enhance maternal warmth behaviors to mitigate the influence of socioeconomic disadvantage on children\u2019s trait resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-00979-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:05:36Z","timestamp":1762779936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early socioeconomic conditions to children\u2019s trait resilience: longitudinal mediation effects of mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 parenting"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Meryl","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germaine Y. 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