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This study investigated the association between perceived social support and internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety) in young refugees and immigrant-origin peers from the Middle East. It further examined whether social support buffers the adverse impact of post-migration stress on internalizing symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sample consisted of 135 male adolescents and young adults living in Germany, including\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200975 young refugees (primarily from Syria and Afghanistan) and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960 immigrant-origin peers, all with a Middle Eastern background. Validated self-report instruments were used to assess perceived support from friends, family, and significant others, as well as post-migration stress and internalizing symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While higher perceived support was consistently associated with fewer internalizing symptoms across both groups, a buffering effect on post-migration stress was found among young immigrants for all support sources, but not for their refugee peers (three-way interaction: \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2013 0.46, SE\u2009=\u20090.18,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012; conditional interaction effect for immigrants: \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2013 0.04, SE\u2009=\u20090.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008; for refugees: \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.01, SE\u2009=\u20090.01,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.448). Refugees reported significantly higher post-migration stress than immigrant-origin peers (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (131)\u2009=\u20095.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and perceived less support from friends (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (132)\u2009=\u2009\u2013 3.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and significant others (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (133)\u2009=\u2009\u2013 2.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) but not from family (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (130)\u2009=\u2009\u2013 1.88,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.063).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that, for young male Middle Eastern refugees, perceived social support alone may be insufficient to buffer post-migration stress, underscoring the importance of expanding structural and instrumental support systems in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-025-01003-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:14:33Z","timestamp":1765959273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When does social support help? 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