{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:34:00Z","timestamp":1793853240323,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A6A1A03041989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03041989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1C1C1009622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1009622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023R1A2C1006054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1006054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00520935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00520935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioData Mining"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:24:35Z","timestamp":1774373075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-output LSTM-based prediction of postoperative delirium: integrating baseline and perioperative data for enhanced risk stratification in older spine surgery patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jungmin","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongeun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bon-Nyeo","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyangkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.063","volume":"125","author":"Z Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Z, Hu J, Ma D. Postoperative delirium: perioperative assessment, risk reduction, and management. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125:492\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.063.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32991","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032991","volume":"102","author":"MZ Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao MZ, Liu CX, Zhou LG, Yang Y, Wang Y. Postoperative delirium, neuroinflammation, and influencing factors of postoperative delirium: a review. Medicine. 2023;102:e32991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000032991.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RGJ, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383:911\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12794","volume":"62","author":"S Deiner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deiner S, Westlake B, Dutton RP. Patterns of surgical care and complications in elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:829\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.12794.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu X, Sun W, Tan M. Incidence and risk factors for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2139834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2139834.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2139834"},{"key":"531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/aorn.13252","volume":"112","author":"W Baek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baek W, Kim YM, Lee H. Risk factors of postoperative delirium in older adult spine surgery patients: A meta-analysis. AORN J. 2020;112:650\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aorn.13252.","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"key":"531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004041","volume":"46","author":"A Beschloss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beschloss A, Dicindio C, Lombardi J, Varthi A, Ozturk A, Lehman R, et al. Marked increase in spinal deformity surgery throughout the United States. Spine. 2021;46:1402\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004041.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02035-4","volume":"15","author":"HJ Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang HJ, Ma XH, Ye JB, Liu CZ, Zhou ZY. Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factor for postoperative delirium following spinal surgery. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15:509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-020-02035-4.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002849","volume":"131","author":"Z Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi Z, Mei X, Li C, Chen Y, Zheng H, Wu Y, et al. Postoperative delirium is associated with long-term decline in activities of daily living. Anesthesiology. 2019;131:492\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002849.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273","volume":"77","author":"TE Goldberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldberg TE, Chen C, Wang Y, Jung E, Swanson A, Ing C, et al. Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:1373\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"531_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.08.043","volume":"270","author":"S Mohanty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohanty S, Gillio A, Lindroth H, Ortiz D, Holler E, Azar J, et al. Major surgery and long term cognitive outcomes: the effect of postoperative delirium on dementia in the year following discharge. J Surg Res. 2022;270:327\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2021.08.043.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00681-x","volume":"4","author":"N Giesa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giesa N, Sekutowicz M, Rubarth K, Spies CD, Balzer F, Haufe S, et al. Applying a transformer architecture to intraoperative temporal dynamics improves the prediction of postoperative delirium. Commun Med (Lond). 2024;4:251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00681-x.","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"531_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14002","volume":"29","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wan DH, Chen M, Li YL, Ying H, Yao GL, et al. Automated machine learning-based model for the prediction of delirium in patients after surgery for degenerative spinal disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023;29:282\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.14002.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.06.020","volume":"23","author":"Q Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie Q, Wang X, Pei J, Wu Y, Guo Q, Su Y, et al. Machine learning\u2013based prediction models for delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2022;23:1655\u2013e16686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.06.020.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.09.013","volume":"46","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, Yu D, Zhang J, Li J. Machine learning for prediction of postoperative delirium in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2024;46:1069\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2024.09.013.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66276-3","volume":"10","author":"T Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang T, Park SY, Lee JH, Lee SH, Park JH, Kim SK, et al. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium after spinal surgery in older patients. Sci Rep. 2020;10:9232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66276-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14434","volume":"64","author":"CHIV Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown CHIV, LaFlam A, Max L, Wyrobek J, Neufeld KJ, Kebaish KM, et al. Delirium after spine surgery in older adults: Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(10):2101\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.14434.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"20","key":"531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a0d507","volume":"38","author":"SJ Fineberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fineberg SJ, Nandyala SV, Marquez-Lara A, Oglesby M, Patel AA, Singh K. Incidence and risk factors for postoperative delirium after lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(20):1790\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a0d507.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000566","volume":"31","author":"MJ Susano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Susano MJ, Scheetz SD, Grasfield RH, Cheung D, Xu X, Kang JD, et al. Retrospective analysis of perioperative variables associated with postoperative delirium and other adverse outcomes in older patients after spine surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2019;31(4):385\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000566.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J. Long short-term memory. Neural Comput. 1997;9:1735\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735.","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2010.7.2.102","volume":"7","author":"TH Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, et al. Korean version of mini mental status examination for dementia screening and its short form. Psychiatry Invest. 2010;7:102.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190111","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0111","volume":"2","author":"B Ravi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ravi B, Pincus D, Choi S, Jenkinson R, Wasserstein DN, Redelmeier DA. Association of duration of surgery with postoperative delirium among patients receiving hip fracture repair. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e190111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0111.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941","volume":"113","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. a new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:941\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.13.2.229","volume":"13","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, Kanary K, Norton J, Jimerson N. Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13:229\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.13.2.229.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"531_CR25","first-page":"518","volume":"45","author":"KO Lim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lim KO, Kim SY, Lee YH, Lee SW, Kim JL. A validation study for the Korean version of Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (K-DRS-98). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006;45:518\u201326.","journal-title":"J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594","volume":"34","author":"C Aldecoa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, Sanders RD, Audisio R, Borozdina A, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology evidence-based and consensus-based guidelines on postoperative delirium. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017;34(4):192\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"9868","key":"531_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"531_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006211","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006211.pub3","volume":"9","author":"G Ellis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ellis G, Gardner M, Tsiachristas A, Langhorne P, Burke O, Harwood RH, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9(9):CD006211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006211.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3381028","volume":"53","author":"A Boukerche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boukerche A, Zheng L, Alfandi O. Outlier detection: methods, models, and classification. ACM Comput Surv. 2021;53:1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3381028.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"531_CR30","unstructured":"Brownlee J. Data preparation for machine learning: data cleaning, feature selection, and data transforms in Python. Machine Learning Mastery; 2020."},{"key":"531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46:399\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy167","volume":"53","author":"U Benedetto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benedetto U, Head SJ, Angelini GD, Blackstone EH. Statistical primer: propensity score matching and its alternatives. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53:1112\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy167.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"531_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13480","volume":"314","author":"JS Haukoos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haukoos JS, Lewis RJ. The propensity score. JAMA. 2015;314:1637\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.13480.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac210","volume":"30","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Schlesinger JJ, McCoy AB, Reese TJ, Steitz B, Russo E, et al. New onset delirium prediction using machine learning and long short-term memory (LSTM) in electronic health record. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2022;30:120\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocac210.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"key":"531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0103-9","volume":"6","author":"H Harutyunyan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harutyunyan H, Khachatrian H, Kale DC, Ver Steeg G, Galstyan A. Multitask learning and benchmarking with clinical time series data. Sci Data. 2019;6:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-019-0103-9.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109932","volume":"27","author":"C Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han C, Kim HI, Soh S, Choi JW, Song JW, Yoon D. Machine learning with clinical and intraoperative biosignal data for predicting postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. iScience. 2024;27:109932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109932.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933037","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.933037","volume":"9","author":"Y Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng Y, Liu S, Wang Z, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Liu B. Explainable time-series deep learning models for the prediction of mortality, prolonged length of stay and 30-day readmission in intensive care patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:933037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.933037.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"531_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1018","volume":"1","author":"A Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong A, Young AT, Liang AS, Gonzales R, Douglas VC, Hadley D. Development and validation of an electronic health record\u2013based machine learning model to estimate delirium risk in newly hospitalized patients without known cognitive impairment. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1:e181018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1018.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"531_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68541-1","volume":"14","author":"M Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee M, Park T, Shin J-Y, Park M. A comprehensive multi-task deep learning approach for predicting metabolic syndrome with genetic, nutritional, and clinical data. Sci Rep. 2024;14:17851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68541-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"531_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28383-9","volume":"13","author":"G Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim G, Lim H, Kim Y, Kwon O, Choi JH. Intra-person multi-task learning method for chronic-disease prediction. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28383-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"531_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449234","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1449234","volume":"15","author":"TNQ Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen TNQ, Garc\u00eda-Rudolph A, Saur\u00ed J, Kelleher JD. Multi-task learning for predicting quality-of-life and independence in activities of daily living after stroke: A proof-of-concept study. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1449234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1449234.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"531_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01345-1","volume":"21","author":"A Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo A, Beheshti R, Khan YM, Langabeer JR, Foraker RE. Predicting cardiovascular health trajectories in time-series electronic health records with LSTM models. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2021;21:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01345-1.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"key":"531_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.08.012","volume":"15","author":"C Hein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hein C, Forgues A, Piau A, Sommet A, Vellas B, Nourhash\u00e9mi F. Impact of polypharmacy on occurrence of delirium in elderly emergency patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:e85011\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.08.012.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"531_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15503","volume":"73","author":"I Persico","year":"2018","unstructured":"Persico I, Cesari M, Morandi A, Haas J, Mazzola P, Zambon A, et al. Frailty and delirium in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Gerontol S A. 2018;73:1259\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15503.","journal-title":"J Gerontol S A"},{"key":"531_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","volume":"377","author":"ER Marcantonio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marcantonio ER. Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1456\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"531_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","volume":"6","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson JE, Mart MF, Cunningham C, Shehabi Y, Girard TD, MacLullich AMJ, et al. Delirium. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"531_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005609","volume":"133","author":"TJ Gracie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, Sieber FE. The Association of Preoperative Frailty and Postoperative Delirium: A Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021;133(2):314\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005609.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"531_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03418","volume":"22","author":"Y Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song Y, Luo Y, Zhang F, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts postoperative delirium in elderly patients after surgery: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03418.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"531_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01715-y","volume":"33","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Wu L. Factors influencing delirium after spinal surgery in elderly patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:331\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-020-01715-y.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"531_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew476","volume":"118","author":"A Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee A, Mu JL, Joynt GM, Chiu CH, Lai VKW, Gin T, et al. Risk prediction models for delirium in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and independent external validation. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118:391\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aew476.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"531_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15607","volume":"77","author":"CJ Swarbrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swarbrick CJ, Partridge JSL. Evidence-based strategies to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2022;77(Suppl 1):92\u2013101.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"531_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl163","volume":"36","author":"D Harari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harari D, Hopper A, Dhesi J, Babic-Illman G, Lockwood L, Martin F. Proactive care of older people undergoing surgery (\u2018POPS\u2019): designing, embedding, evaluating and funding a comprehensive geriatric assessment service for older elective surgical patients. Age Ageing. 2007;36(2):190\u20136.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"6","key":"531_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10459","volume":"104","author":"JSL Partridge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Partridge JSL, Harari D, Martin FC, Peacock JL, Bell R, Mohammed A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of comprehensive geriatric assessment and optimization in vascular surgery. Br J Surg. 2017;104(6):679\u201387.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"531_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.08.013","volume":"10","author":"FJ Tarazona-Santabalbina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Llabata-Broseta J, Belenguer-Varea A, Alvarez-Martinez D, Cuesta-Peredo D, Avellana-Zaragoza JA. A daily multidisciplinary assessment of older adults undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery is associated with reduced delirium and geriatric syndromes. J Geriatr Oncol. 2019;10(2):298\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"531_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2020.12.006","volume":"37","author":"CY Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022;37(1):53\u2013e621.","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"531_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01828-9","volume":"34","author":"D Fu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fu D, Tan X, Zhang M, Chen L, Yang J. Association between frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis of cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022;34(1):25\u201337.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"531_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7779","volume":"175","author":"TT Hshieh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, Puelle M, Dowal S, Travison T, Inouye SK. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):512\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7779.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"531_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0640-4","volume":"29","author":"X Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang X, Chen D, Lou Y, Li Z. Risk factors for postoperative delirium after spine surgery in middle- and old-aged patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(5):1039\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0640-4.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"531_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16870","volume":"69","author":"AB Davani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davani AB, Lee HB, Marcantonio ER, et al. Kidney function modifies the effect of intraoperative opioid dosage on postoperative delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(2):443\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.16870.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"531_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhu H, Zhu T. Association between intraoperative end-tidal CO2 and cerebral oxygen saturation during general anesthesia. Asian J Surg. 2025;48(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asjsur.2025.06.171.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2025.06.171"},{"issue":"7","key":"531_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E761","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2023.26.E761","volume":"26","author":"X Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng X, Liu C, Zhu Y, Peng L, Zhang X, Wei W, Zhu T. Hemodynamic Influences of Remimazolam Versus Propofol During the Induction Period of General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Physician. 2023;26(7):E761\u201373.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"34","key":"531_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34708","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034708","volume":"102","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F, Hao X, Zhu Y. Effects of perioperative intravenous glucocorticoids on perioperative neurocognitive disorders in adults after surgery: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med (Baltim). 2023;102(34):e34708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000034708.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"}],"container-title":["BioData Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:35:46Z","timestamp":1777851346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13040-026-00531-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-0381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-0381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}