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Two genes in humans,<jats:italic>ST8SIA2<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ST8SIA4<\/jats:italic>, code for polysialyltransferases that synthesize polySia.<jats:italic>ST8SIA2<\/jats:italic>is highly expressed during fetal development and in cancer but not in adult normal human cells.<jats:italic>ST8SIA4<\/jats:italic>is expressed in fetal and adult brain, spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood leukocytes and in cancer. We identified a derivative of polySia containing de-N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues (dPSA), which is expressed on the cell surface of human cancer cell lines and tumors but not normal cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>dPSA-modified proteins in several human cancer cell lines and normal blood cells were identified using co-immunoprecipitation with anti-dPSA antibodies, mass spectroscopy and Western blot. RNAi and CRISPR were used to knockdown and knockout, respectively, the polysialyltransferase genes in human melanoma SK-MEL-28 and neuroblastoma CHP-134 cell lines, respectively, to determine the effect on production of cell surface dPSA measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that dPSA is linked to or associated with nucleolin, a nuclear protein reported to be on the cell surface of cancer but not normal cells. Knocking down expression of<jats:italic>ST8SIA2<\/jats:italic>with RNAi or knocking out each gene individually and in combination using CRISPR showed that cell surface dPSA depended on expression of<jats:italic>ST8SIA2<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of dPSA specifically in a broad range of human cancers but not human adult normal cells offers novel possibilities for diagnosis, prevention and treatment targeting the dPSA antigen that appears to be cancer-specific, consistent across not only human cancers but also species, and may be an unrecognized mechanism of immune shielding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02099-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T09:09:18Z","timestamp":1632128958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A cancer-unique glycan: de-N-acetyl polysialic acid (dPSA) linked to cell surface nucleolin depends on re-expression of the fetal polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2 gene"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3410-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Moe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay M.","family":"Steirer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsha","family":"Shivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro D.","family":"Bolanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7182","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.11.7182","volume":"272","author":"K Angata","year":"1997","unstructured":"Angata K, Nakayama J, Fredette B, Chong K, Ranscht B, Fukuda M. 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