{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:25:48Z","timestamp":1772166348616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hallux valgus, lesser toe deformity, and muscle weakness of the toe flexors contribute to falls in older people. This study aimed to examine the differences in toe flexor strength and foot morphology in older people requiring long\u2010term care due to changes in the way they mobilize in everyday life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 84 people aged \u226570\u2009years without motor paralysis who underwent rehabilitation. They were divided into those who could mobilize without a wheelchair (walking group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200954) and those who used a wheelchair to mobilize (wheelchair group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930). The presence or absence of diseases was confirmed, and hand grip strength, toe flexor strength, and foot morphology using the foot printer were measured. The presence of diseases, hand grip strength, toe flexor strength, and foot morphology were compared between the two groups. Multiple logistic analysis was performed with wheelchair dependence as the dichotomous outcome variable, and the percentages of each strength measure observed in the wheelchair group to the average hand grip and toe flexor strength measures in the walking group were compared.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No significant between\u2010group difference in foot morphology was found. The factors related to the differences in ways of ambulating in daily life were history of fracture, heart disease, and toe flexor strength. After comparing the muscle strength of the wheelchair group with the mean values of the walking group, we found that the toe flexor strength was significantly lower than the hand grip strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older people who used a wheelchair to mobilize have significantly less toe flexor strength than those who do not despite no significant difference in foot morphology. Use of a wheelchair is associated with a reduction in toe flexor strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-021-00458-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1615529350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differences in toe flexor strength and foot morphology between wheelchair dependent and ambulant older people in long\u2010term care: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mieko","family":"Yokozuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preparing Section for New Faculty of Medical Science Fukushima Medical University 10\u20106 Sakae\u2010machi 960\u20108516 Fukushima City Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Fukushima Medical University 1 Hikariga\u2010oka 960\u20101295 Fukushima City Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757\u20101146\u20103\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2010018\u20102100\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047\u2010015\u20100076\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047\u2010020\u201000411\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.12.1546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u20100003\u201011\u2010143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2018-0217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.24.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2017\u20100189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effective 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October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by our University Ethics Committee (approval number 30293).Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Sei Sato was employed by one of the healthcare facilities. The other author declares no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}