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The aim of this study was to synthesise medical imaging features associated with plantar heel pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis conducted searches in MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase and the Cochrane Library from inception to 12th February 2021. Peer\u2010reviewed articles of cross\u2010sectional observational studies written in English that compared medical imaging findings in adult participants with plantar heel pain to control participants without plantar heel pain were included. Study quality and risk of bias was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross\u2010sectional studies. Sensitivity analyses were conducted where appropriate to account for studies that used unblinded assessors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010two studies (2928 participants) were identified and included in analyses. Only 21% of studies were rated \u2018good\u2019 on quality assessment. Imaging features associated with plantar heel pain included a thickened plantar fascia (on ultrasound and MRI), abnormalities of the plantar fascia (on ultrasound and MRI), abnormalities of adjacent tissue such as a thickened loaded plantar heel fat pad (on ultrasound), and a plantar calcaneal spur (on x\u2010ray). In addition, there is some evidence from more than one study that there is increased hyperaemia within the fascia (on power Doppler ultrasound) and abnormalities of bone in the calcaneus (increased uptake on technetium\u201099\u2009m bone scan and bone marrow oedema on MRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with plantar heel pain are more likely to have a thickened plantar fascia, abnormal plantar fascia tissue, a thicker loaded plantar heel fat pad, and a plantar calcaneal spur. In addition, there is some evidence of hyperaemia within the plantar fascia and abnormalities of the calcaneus. Whilst these medical imaging features may aid with diagnosis, additional high\u2010quality studies investigating medical imaging findings for some of these imaging features would be worthwhile to improve the precision of these findings and determine their clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-021-00507-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T05:03:37Z","timestamp":1642827817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Medical imaging for plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-6334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Drake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department Mid\u2010Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust Wakefield England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen A.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Podiatry School of Allied Health Human Services and Sport La Trobe University 3086 Victoria Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre La Trobe University 3086 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1133-4853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Podiatry School of Allied Health Human Services and Sport La Trobe University 3086 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation National University Hospital 5\u00a0Lower Kent Ridge Road 119074 Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0926-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Maree","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust School of Healthcare University of Leeds Leeds England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Rathleff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy Aalborg University Hospital Hobrovej 18\u201022 9100 Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Center for General Practice at Aalborg University Fyrkildevej 7 9220 Aalborg East Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust School of Healthcare University of Leeds Leeds England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl B.","family":"Landorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Podiatry School of Allied Health Human Services and Sport La Trobe University 3086 Victoria Australia"},{"name":"La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre La Trobe University 3086 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102017\u2010097519"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2010019\u20102718\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S159918"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Economic burden of plantar fasciitis treatment in the United States","volume":"39","author":"Tong KB","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070402500505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WhittakerGA MenzHB LandorfKB MunteanuSE HarrisonC. 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