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Psychological vulnerabilities influence pain states (including foot and ankle), therefore this study aimed to establish the prevalence and relative importance of compromised psychological health to perceived foot\/ankle pain severity in people referred to an orthopaedic foot and ankle clinic with non\u2010urgent presentations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with triaged non\u2010urgent foot\/ankle referrals to the Department of Orthopaedics at Gold Coast University Hospital were recruited over a 12\u2010month period and completed the <jats:italic>Manchester\u2010Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire<\/jats:italic> which was the primary measure. Participants also completed questionnaires assessing their anthropometric, demographic and health characteristics (<jats:italic>Self\u2010Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire<\/jats:italic>) as well as measures of health\u2010related quality of life (<jats:italic>EuroQol\u20105\u2010Dimensions\u20105\u2010Level Questionnaire<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>EQ Visual Analogue Scale<\/jats:italic>) and psychological health (<jats:italic>Center for Epidemiological Studies\u2010Depression scale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pain Catastrophizing Scale<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Central Sensitization Inventory<\/jats:italic>)<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Descriptive statistics were used to summarise participant characteristics and a hierarchical multiple linear regression was employed to establish the extent to which psychological variables explain additional variance in foot\/ankle pain severity beyond the effects of participant characteristics (age, sex, body mass index (BMI)).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventy\u2010two adults were recruited ((64.0% female), median (IQR) age 60.9 (17.7) years and BMI 27.6 (7.5) kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Specific psychological comorbidities were prevalent including depressive symptoms (48%), central sensitisation (38%) and pain catastrophising (24%). Age, sex and BMI accounted for 11.7% of the variance in MOXFQ\u2010index and psychological variables accounted for an additional 28.2%. Pain catastrophising was the most significant independent predictor of foot\/ankle pain severity (accounting for 14.4% of variance), followed by BMI (10.7%) and depressive symptoms (2.3%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated that specific psychological comorbidities and increased BMI are common in this cohort and that these factors are associated with the symptoms for which patients are seeking orthopaedic assessment. This knowledge should prompt clinicians to routinely consider the psychosocial components of patient presentations and develop non\u2010operative and pre\u2010operative treatment strategies which consider these factors with the goal of improving overall patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00536-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T06:03:36Z","timestamp":1651817016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pain catastrophising, body mass index and depressive symptoms are associated with pain severity in tertiary referral orthopaedic foot\/ankle patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Holt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Gold Coast University Hospital 4215 Southport Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Griffith University School of Medicine 4215 Southport Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin L.","family":"Swalwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics Gold Coast University Hospital 4215 Southport Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Faculty of Health School of Clinical Sciences 4059 Kelvin Grove Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayle H.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics &amp; Trauma Northern Adelaide Local Health Network 5112 South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivienne","family":"Tippett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Faculty of Health School of Clinical Sciences 4059 Kelvin Grove Queensland 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