{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1773305702887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":242,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":242,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31800782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To clarify the injury mechanism of the avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal combining 3\u2010dimensional (3D) fracture mapping with anatomical measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred twenty\u2010two patients with the avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base, who were admitted to our hospital from August 2015 to August 2020. The computed tomography (CT) scans were used to generate the 3\u2010D images of all mapped fracture lines for the avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base were compiled in an overall 3D image. The fifth metatarsal base of 8 unpaired lower limbs of adult Asian frozen cadaveric specimens were also dissected to observe and measure the specific locations of the attachment points of the peroneus brevis, lateral band of the plantar fascia, and peroneus tertius to the fifth metatarsal base.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the type of fracture line produced and the specific locations of the attachment points of the tendons or fascia, the avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base can be classified into three types: type I predominantly involves the action of the lateral band of the plantar fascia; type II predominantly involves the action of the peroneus brevis; type IIIA involves the joint action of the peroneus brevis and lateral band of the plantar fascia with one fracture line, and type IIIB involves the joint action of the peroneus brevis and lateral band of the plantar fascia with two fracture lines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lateral band of the plantar fascia and peroneus brevis play a major role, either separately or together, in avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base. With this knowledge, we propose a novel classification based on the injury mechanism, which can serve as a reference for clinical treatment and diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Level III, retrospective case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00571-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T04:04:36Z","timestamp":1661918676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Classification of avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal base using three\u2010dimensional CT mapping and anatomical assessment: a retrospective case series study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenbao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Shanghai Tongji Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University 200065 Shanghai 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