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The study aim was to evaluate effect of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) consisting of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and desogestrel on the expression of macrophage, natural killer cells, and regulatory T cells of ovarian endometriotic cysts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endometriotic cyst wall tissues were collected from women with endometriosis who were treated (n\u2009=\u200922) with COCs (one table per day of EE 0.03\u00a0mg and desogestrel 0.15\u00a0mg administered for 28 to 35 days before surgery) or untreated (n\u2009=\u200922). The tissues were collected from endometriotic cyst wall during laparoscopic or laparotomy ovarian cystectomy. Immunohistochemistry for anti-CD68, anti-CD56, and anti-forkhead\u2013winged helix transcription factor (FoxP3), a marker for macrophages, natural killer cells, and regulatory T cells, respectively, were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of anti-CD68 positive cells in the COC group was significantly lower than in the untreated group (12.7; 4.9\u201319.3) versus 45.7 (26.0\u201370.7), p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Tissue infiltration of anti-CD56 positive cells in endometriotic cyst was significantly higher after the treatment when compared with tissue from untreated group (42.9, 27.4\u201368.9 versus 25.3 (14.1\u201337.3; p\u2009=\u20090.009). The number of regulatory T cells was also significantly increased in the COC group (6.3, 2.8\u201315.5) versus 0 (0\u20131.8; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of COC, containing EE 0.30\u00a0mg with desogestrel 0.15\u00a0mg, on the immune system was demonstrated by a significant decrease in the number of macrophages and an increase in natural killer and regulatory T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-021-00819-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T17:02:53Z","timestamp":1620838973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of combined contraceptive pill on immune cell of ovarian endometriotic tissue"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wanwisa","family":"Waiyaput","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerati","family":"Wattanakamolchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yada","family":"Tingthanatikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srithean","family":"Lertvikool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriluk","family":"Tantanavipas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanthanadon","family":"Dittharot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morakot","family":"Sroyraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areepan","family":"Sophonsritsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"819_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30003-X","volume":"14","author":"JA Sampson","year":"1927","unstructured":"Sampson JA. 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