{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:48:05Z","timestamp":1789609685189,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM201612046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201612046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["20201294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20201294"]}]},{"name":"the Internal Research Project of Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital","award":["FYA2018006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FYA2018006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Ovarian Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between vaginal microbial community structure and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-eight women with POI and 12 healthy women were recruited at Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between August and September 2020. Blood samples were collected for glucose tests and detection of sex hormone levels and vaginal secretions were collected for microbial group determination. Vaginal microbial community profiles were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq system (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared to the controls, the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and the follicle-stimulating hormone\/luteinizing hormone ratio, significantly increased, and oestradiol and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone levels significantly decreased in women with POI. Higher weighted UniFrac values were observed in women with POI than in healthy women. Bacteria in the genera <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Brevundimonas<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Odoribacter<\/jats:italic> were more abundant in the microbiomes of healthy women, while the quantity of bacteria in the genus <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> was significantly increased in the microbiomes of women with POI. Moreover, these differences in microbes in women with POI were closely related to follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol, and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone levels and to the follicle-stimulating hormone\/luteinizing hormone ratio.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Women with POI had altered vaginal microbial profiles compared to healthy controls. The alterations in their microbiomes were associated with serum hormone levels. These results will improve our understanding of the vaginal microbial community structure in women with POI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CHICTR, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/enIndex.aspx\">ChiCTR2000029576<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered 3 August 2020 - Retrospectively registered, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.aspx?proj=48844\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.aspx?proj=48844<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1638975812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of the vaginal microbiome in women with premature ovarian insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9381-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaman","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9416-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"923_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0231-1","volume":"38","author":"S Luisi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luisi S, Orlandini C, Regini C, Pizzo A, Vellucci F, Petraglia F. Premature ovarian insufficiency: from pathogenesis to clinical management. J Endocrinol Investig. 2015;38:597\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-014-0231-1.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"923_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-7800.172292","volume":"6","author":"AJ Fenton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fenton AJ. Premature ovarian insufficiency: pathogenesis and management. J Midlife Health. 2015;6:147\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-7800.172292.","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"923_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2014.09.010","volume":"29","author":"J Sassarini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sassarini J, Lumsden MA, Critchley HOD. Sex hormone replacement in ovarian failure \u2013 new treatment concepts. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29:105\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2014.09.010.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"923_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000329","volume":"21","author":"DJ Portman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portman DJ, MLS G, Vulvovaginal Atrophy Terminology Consensus Conference Panel. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women\u2019s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2014;21:1063\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GME.0000000000000329.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"923_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2014.958987","volume":"31","author":"H Bakhsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakhsh H, Dei M, Bucciantini S, Balzi D, Bruni V. Premature ovarian insufficiency in young girls: repercussions on uterine volume and bone mineral density. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2015;31:65\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09513590.2014.958987.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"923_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.008","volume":"60","author":"N Domniz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Domniz N, Meirow D. Premature ovarian insufficiency and autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;60:42\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.008.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"923_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta A, Tiwari P. Premature ovarian insufficiency: a review. EMJ Repro Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33590\/emjreprohealth\/19-00041.","DOI":"10.33590\/emjreprohealth\/19-00041"},{"key":"923_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi324","volume":"162","author":"AM Mondul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mondul AM, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Calle EE. Age at natural menopause and cause-specific mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162:1089\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwi324.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"923_CR9","first-page":"91","volume":"6","author":"S Goldmeier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldmeier S, De Angelis K, Rabello Casali K, Vilodre C, Consolim-Colombo F, Bell\u00f3 Klein A, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in primary ovarian insufficiency: clinical and experimental evidence. Am J Transl Res. 2013;6:91\u2013101.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"923_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0467-z","volume":"39","author":"A Podfigurna-Stopa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Podfigurna-Stopa A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Katulski K, Czajkowski K, et al. Premature ovarian insufficiency: the context of long-term effects. J Endocrinol Investig. 2016;39:983\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-016-0467-z.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"923_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019","volume":"224","author":"J Ravel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravel J, Moreno I, Sim\u00f3n C. Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:251\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"923_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04049-6","volume":"40","author":"RD Zwittink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zwittink RD, van den Munckhof EHA, Leverstein-van Hall MA, Boers K, Molijn A, Knetsch CW, et al. The vaginal microbiota in the course of bacterial vaginosis treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40:651\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-020-04049-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"923_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01918-0","volume":"20","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Xu J, Han Q, Chu W, Lu G, Chan WY, et al. Changes in the vaginal microbiota associated with primary ovarian failure. BMC Microbiol. 2020;20:230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01918-0.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"923_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.015","volume":"113","author":"T Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo T, Zheng Y, Li G, Zhao S, Ma J, Qin Y. Novel pathogenic mutations in minichromosome maintenance complex component 9 (MCM9) responsible for premature ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril. 2020;113:845\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.015.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"923_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, et al. QIIME 2: reproducible, interactive, scalable, and extensible microbiome data science. Peer J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7287\/peerj.preprints.27295v2.","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.27295v2"},{"key":"923_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38:685\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"923_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12:R60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"923_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7478-5_780","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of metagenomics","author":"DH Parks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parks DH, Beiko RG. STAMP: statistical analysis of metagenomic profiles. In: Nelson KE, editor. Encyclopedia of metagenomics. Boston: Springer; 2015. p. 641\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-7478-5_780."},{"key":"923_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103696","volume":"136","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Kakkar V, Bhushan I. Crosstalk between vaginal microbiome and female health: a review. Microb Pathog. 2019;136:103696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103696.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"923_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","volume":"25","author":"JM Fettweis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, Brooks JP, Edwards DJ, Girerd PH, Parikh HI, et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat Med. 2019;25:1012\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"923_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0465-8","volume":"25","author":"MG Serrano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Serrano MG, Parikh HI, Brooks JP, Edwards DJ, Arodz TJ, Edupuganti L, et al. Racioethnic diversity in the dynamics of the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy. Nat Med. 2019;25:1001\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0465-8.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"923_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8069898","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8069898","volume":"2019","author":"Y Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Y, Hu C, Ye H, Luo R, Fu X, Li X, et al. Inflamm-aging: a new mechanism affecting premature ovarian insufficiency. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:8069898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8069898.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"923_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.012","volume":"28","author":"M Miani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miani M, Le Naour J, Waeckel-En\u00e9e E, Verma SC, Straube M, Emond P, et al. Gut microbiota-stimulated innate lymphoid cells support \u03b2-defensin 14 expression in pancreatic endocrine cells, preventing autoimmune diabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;28:557\u2013572.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.012.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"923_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.03.014","volume":"10","author":"D Ghadimi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghadimi D, de Vrese M, Heller KJ, Schrezenmeir J. Lactic acid bacteria enhance autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes by increasing Th1 autophagy-promoting cytokine (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reducing Th2 autophagy-restraining cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in response to mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10:694\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.03.014.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"923_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xing C, Wang M, Ajibade AA, Tan P, Fu C, Chen L, et al. Microbiota regulate innate immune signaling and protective immunity against cancer. Cell Host Microbe. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.016"},{"key":"923_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00358","volume":"10","author":"E Ramos-Sevillano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramos-Sevillano E, Ercoli G, Brown JS. Mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol. 2019;10:358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00358.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"923_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103692","volume":"136","author":"G Marziali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marziali G, Foschi C, Parolin C, Vitali B, Marangoni A. In-vitro effect of vaginal lactobacilli against group B Streptococcus. Microb Pathog. 2019;136:103692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103692.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"923_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.08.005","volume":"106","author":"EJ Vick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vick EJ, Park HS, Huff KA, Brooks KM, Farone AL, Farone MB. Gardnerella vaginalis triggers NLRP3 inflammasome recruitment in THP-1 monocytes. J Reprod Immunol. 2014;106:67\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jri.2014.08.005.","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"923_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0169-4","volume":"14","author":"D Vitali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vitali D, Wessels JM, Kaushic C. Role of sex hormones and the vaginal microbiome in susceptibility and mucosal immunity to HIV-1 in the female genital tract. AIDS Res Ther. 2017;14:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-017-0169-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"923_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3819","volume":"15","author":"CR Wira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wira CR, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Patel MV. The role of sex hormones in immune protection of the female reproductive tract. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:217\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3819.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"923_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13220","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13220","volume":"83","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Bian G, Zheng M, Lu G, Chan WY, Li W, et al. Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020;83:e13220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13220.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"923_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-766-1:387","volume":"268","author":"C Silva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silva C, Rey R, Elena Nader-Mac\u00edas M. Effects of estrogen administration on the colonization capability of lactobacilli and Escherichia coli in the urinary tracts of mice. Methods Mol Biol. 2004;268:387\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/1-59259-766-1:387.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"923_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111418379","volume":"19","author":"J Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li J, McCormick J, Bocking A, Reid G. Importance of vaginal microbes in reproductive health. Reprod Sci. 2012;19:235\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719111418379.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"923_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328331b611","volume":"12","author":"G Reid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reid G, Dols J, Miller W. Targeting the vaginal microbiota with probiotics as a means to counteract infections. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12:583\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328331b611.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"923_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001236","volume":"25","author":"RM Brotman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, Fadrosh D, Chang K, Silver MI, et al. Association between the vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2018;25:1321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GME.0000000000001236.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"923_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000397","volume":"22","author":"P Mirmonsef","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirmonsef P, Modur S, Burgad D, Gilbert D, Golub ET, French AL, et al. Exploratory comparison of vaginal glycogen and Lactobacillus levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2015;22:702\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GME.0000000000000397.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"923_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4804(03)00215-4","volume":"115","author":"L Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker L, Meldrum KK, Wang M, Sankula R, Vanam R, Raiesdana A, et al. The role of estrogen in cardiovascular disease. J Surg Res. 2003;115:325\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-4804(03)00215-4.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"923_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86062","volume":"126","author":"JY Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li JY, Chassaing B, Tyagi AM, Vaccaro C, Luo T, Adams J, et al. Sex steroid deficiency\u2013associated bone loss is microbiota dependent and prevented by probiotics. J Clin Invest. 2016;126:2049\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI86062.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"923_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000230","volume":"60","author":"J Donato Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donato J Jr, Fraz\u00e3o R. Interactions between prolactin and kisspeptin to control reproduction. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60:587\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2359-3997000000230.","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"923_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00096-4","volume":"14","author":"G Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu G, Hale GE, Hughes CL. Galactose metabolism and ovarian toxicity. Reprod Toxicol. 2000;14:377\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00096-4.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"923_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0185","volume":"140","author":"BK Campbell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell BK, Kendall NR, Onions V, Scaramuzzi RJ. The effect of systemic and ovarian infusion of glucose, galactose and fructose on ovarian function in sheep. Reproduction. 2010;140:721\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/REP-10-0185.","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"923_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.7.1690","volume":"14","author":"C Battaglia","year":"1999","unstructured":"Battaglia C, Salvatori M, Maxia N, Petraglia F, Facchinetti F, Volpe A. Adjuvant L-arginine treatment for in-vitro fertilization in poor responder patients. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:1690\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/14.7.1690.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"923_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.659","volume":"17","author":"C Battaglia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Battaglia C, Regnani G, Marsella T, Facchinetti F, Volpe A, Venturoli S, et al. Adjuvant L-arginine treatment in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: a double-blind, randomized study. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:659\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.659.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"923_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0724-5","volume":"25","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Yang M, Jing L, Ren L, Wei J, Zhang J, et al. Silica nanoparticle exposure inducing granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia in female Balb\/c mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25:3423\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-0724-5.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ovarian Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T03:04:19Z","timestamp":1639019059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13048-021-00923-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-2215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-2215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital (SFYLS2020\u2013005), Shenzhen, China.Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to enrolment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"172"}}