{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:02:03Z","timestamp":1787652123863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T10:05:11Z","timestamp":1549533911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prehospital intravenous fentanyl administered by ambulance personnel: a cluster-randomised comparison of two treatment protocols"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kristian D.","family":"Friesgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Kirkegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus-Henrik","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Giebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika F.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Nikolajsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.12.009","volume":"23","author":"JG McManus Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"McManus JG Jr, Sallee DR Jr. Pain management in the prehospital environment. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005;23(2):415\u201331.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.764948","volume":"17","author":"JR Studnek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Vandeventer S, Davis S, Garvey L. The association between patients\u2019 perception of their overall quality of care and their perception of pain management in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(3):386\u201391.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"588_CR3","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"SM Motov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Motov SM, Khan AN. Problems and barriers of pain management in the emergency department: are we ever going to get better? J Pain Res. 2008;2:5\u201311.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2003.11.019","volume":"43","author":"T Rupp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rupp T, Delaney KA. Inadequate analgesia in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;43(4):494\u2013503.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes355","volume":"110","author":"E Albrecht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Albrecht E, Taffe P, Yersin B, Schoettker P, Decosterd I, Hugli O. Undertreatment of acute pain (oligoanalgesia) and medical practice variation in prehospital analgesia of adult trauma patients: a 10 yr retrospective study. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):96\u2013106.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.05.018","volume":"43","author":"MD Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith MD, Wang Y, Cudnik M, Smith DA, Pakiela J, Emerman CL. The effectiveness and adverse events of morphine versus fentanyl on a physician-staffed helicopter. J Emerg Med. 2012;43(1):69\u201375.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.03.010","volume":"23","author":"M Galinski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galinski M, Dolveck F, Borron SW, Tual L, Van Laer V, Lardeur JY, et al. A randomized, double-blind study comparing morphine with fentanyl in prehospital analgesia. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23(2):114\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2011.11.012","volume":"59","author":"PA Jennings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jennings PA, Cameron P, Bernard S, Walker T, Jolley D, Fitzgerald M, et al. Morphine and ketamine is superior to morphine alone for out-of-hospital trauma analgesia: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59(6):497\u2013503.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.03.020","volume":"56","author":"V Bounes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bounes V, Barthelemy R, Diez O, Charpentier S, Montastruc JL, Ducasse JL. Sufentanil is not superior to morphine for the treatment of acute traumatic pain in an emergency setting: a randomized, double-blind, out-of-hospital trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(5):509\u201316.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.04.020","volume":"26","author":"V Bounes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bounes V, Charpentier S, Houze-Cerfon CH, Bellard C, Ducasse JL. Is there an ideal morphine dose for prehospital treatment of severe acute pain? A randomized, double-blind comparison of 2 doses. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(2):148\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.11.016","volume":"25","author":"M Galinski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Galinski M, Dolveck F, Combes X, Limoges V, Smail N, Pommier V, et al. Management of severe acute pain in emergency settings: ketamine reduces morphine consumption. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(4):385\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1056893","volume":"20","author":"ER Weldon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weldon ER, Ariano RE, Grierson RA. Comparison of fentanyl and morphine in the prehospital treatment of ischemic type chest pain. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(1):45\u201351.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200112000-00005","volume":"8","author":"T Silfvast","year":"2001","unstructured":"Silfvast T, Saarnivaara L. Comparison of alfentanil and morphine in the prehospital treatment of patients with acute ischaemic-type chest pain. Eur J Emerg Med. 2001;8(4):275\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200106000-00039","volume":"92","author":"M Vergnion","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vergnion M, Degesves S, Garcet L, Magotteaux V. Tramadol, an alternative to morphine for treating posttraumatic pain in the prehospital situation. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(6):1543\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.02.027","volume":"25","author":"C Rickard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rickard C, O'Meara P, McGrail M, Garner D, McLean A, Le Lievre P. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine for analgesia in the prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(8):911\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120500373264","volume":"10","author":"A Kanowitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanowitz A, Dunn TM, Kanowitz EM, Dunn WW, Vanbuskirk K. Safety and effectiveness of fentanyl administration for prehospital pain management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.02.009","volume":"40","author":"WC Krauss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krauss WC, Shah S, Shah S, Thomas SH. Fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: variables associated with hypotension and hypoxemia. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(2):182\u20137.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2005.02.007","volume":"29","author":"SH Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas SH, Rago O, Harrison T, Biddinger PD, Wedel SK. Fentanyl trauma analgesia use in air medical scene transports. J Emerg Med. 2005;29(2):179\u201387.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12662","volume":"60","author":"KD Friesgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friesgaard KD, Nikolajsen L, Giebner M, Rasmussen CH, Riddervold IS, Kirkegaard H, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous fentanyl administered by ambulance personnel. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(4):537\u201343.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"588_CR20","unstructured":"Central Denmark Region Municipality Statistics. \n                    https:\/\/www.regioner.dk\/media\/1334\/regionerne-kort-fortalt-2011-engelsk.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"588_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-53","volume":"21","author":"MS Andersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andersen MS, Johnsen SP, Sorensen JN, Jepsen SB, Hansen JB, Christensen EF. Implementing a nationwide criteria-based emergency medical dispatch system: a register-based follow-up study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21:53.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12148","volume":"68","author":"RA Moore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moore RA, Straube S, Aldington D. Pain measures and cut-offs \u2013 \u2018no worse than mild pain\u2019 as a simple, universal outcome. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(4):400\u201312.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh180","volume":"93","author":"JN Cashman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cashman JN, Dolin SJ. Respiratory and haemodynamic effects of acute postoperative pain management: evidence from published data. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93(2):212\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"588_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9930-3","volume":"29","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT. The Danish civil registration system as a tool in epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(8):541\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"588_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","volume":"7","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Schmidt SA, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT. The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:449\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.03.012","volume":"57","author":"V Sundararajan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sundararajan V, Henderson T, Perry C, Muggivan A, Quan H, Ghali WA. New ICD-10 version of the Charlson comorbidity index predicted in-hospital mortality. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(12):1288\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"588_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-83","volume":"11","author":"SK Thygesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thygesen SK, Christiansen CF, Christensen S, Lash TL, Sorensen HT. The predictive value of ICD-10 diagnostic coding used to assess Charlson comorbidity index conditions in the population-based Danish National Registry of patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:83.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"588_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13462","volume":"71","author":"D Eidenbenz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eidenbenz D, Taffe P, Hugli O, Albrecht E, Pasquier M. A two-year retrospective review of the determinants of pre-hospital analgesia administration by alpine helicopter emergency medical physicians to patients with isolated limb injury. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(7):779\u201387.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002016","volume":"125","author":"N Oberholzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oberholzer N, Kaserer A, Albrecht R, Seifert B, Tissi M, Spahn DR, et al. Factors influencing quality of pain Management in a Physician Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):200\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.03.014","volume":"14","author":"TF Platts-Mills","year":"2013","unstructured":"Platts-Mills TF, Hunold KM, Weaver MA, Dickey RM, Fernandez AR, Fillingim RB, et al. Pain treatment for older adults during prehospital emergency care: variations by patient gender and pain severity. J Pain. 2013;14(9):966\u201374.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.856502","volume":"18","author":"B Lord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lord B, Bendall J, Reinten T. The influence of paramedic and patient gender on the administration of analgesics in the out-of-hospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2):195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.107094","volume":"29","author":"PA Jennings","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jennings PA, Cameron P, Bernard S. Determinants of clinically important pain severity reduction in the prehospital setting. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(4):333\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"588_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000444","volume":"53","author":"AA Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah AA, Zogg CK, Zafar SN, Schneider EB, Cooper LA, Chapital AB, et al. Analgesic access for acute abdominal pain in the emergency department among racial\/ethnic minority patients: a Nationwide examination. Med Care. 2015;53(12):1000\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"588_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03152.x","volume":"58","author":"U Hwang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hwang U, Richardson LD, Harris B, Morrison RS. The quality of emergency department pain care for older adult patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(11):2122\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/10903120903572301","volume":"14","author":"RJ Fleischman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fleischman RJ, Frazer DG, Daya M, Jui J, Newgard CD. Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(2):167\u201375.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3109\/10903121003760218","volume":"14","author":"M Galinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galinski M, Ruscev M, Gonzalez G, Kavas J, Ameur L, Biens D, et al. Prevalence and management of acute pain in prehospital emergency medicine. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(3):334\u20139.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.04.003","volume":"27","author":"B Lord","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lord B, Cui J, Kelly AM. The impact of patient sex on paramedic pain management in the prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(5):525\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.07.088","volume":"45","author":"MF Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young MF, Hern HG, Alter HJ, Barger J, Vahidnia F. Racial differences in receiving morphine among prehospital patients with blunt trauma. J Emerg Med. 2013;45(1):46\u201352.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.12.005","volume":"29","author":"V Bounes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bounes V, Barniol C, Minville V, Houze-Cerfon CH, Ducasse JL. Predictors of pain relief and adverse events in patients receiving opioids in a prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(5):512\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"588_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.06.012","volume":"13","author":"GZ Heller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heller GZ, Manuguerra M, Chow R. How to analyze the visual analogue scale: myths, truths and clinical relevance. Scand J Pain. 2016;13:67\u201375.","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"588_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.06.002","volume":"65","author":"GJ Breukelen van","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Breukelen GJ, Candel MJ. Calculating sample sizes for cluster randomized trials: we can keep it simple and efficient! J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(11):1212\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.717167","volume":"17","author":"B Walsh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walsh B, Cone DC, Meyer EM, Larkin GL. Paramedic attitudes regarding prehospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(1):78\u201387.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120590891705","volume":"9","author":"H Hennes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hennes H, Kim MK, Pirrallo RG. Prehospital pain management: a comparison of providers\u2019 perceptions and practices. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9(1):32\u20139.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.014324","volume":"21","author":"M Woollard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woollard M, Whitfield R, Smith K, Jones T, Thomas G, Thomas G, et al. Less IS less: a randomised controlled trial comparing cautious and rapid nalbuphine dosing regimens. Emerg Med J. 2004;21(3):362\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.851307","volume":"18","author":"KP Tran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tran KP, Nguyen Q, Truong XN, Le V, Le VP, Mai N, et al. A comparison of ketamine and morphine analgesia in prehospital trauma care: a cluster randomized clinical trial in rural Quang Tri province, Vietnam. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2):257\u201364.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.01.048","volume":"32","author":"Y Auffret","year":"2014","unstructured":"Auffret Y, Gouillou M, Jacob GR, Robin M, Jenvrin J, Soufflet F, et al. Does midazolam enhance pain control in prehospital management of traumatic severe pain? Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(6):655\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e32832fa9e5","volume":"21","author":"C Zedigh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zedigh C, Alho A, Hammar E, Karlsson T, Kellerth T, Svensson L, et al. Aspects on the intensity and the relief of pain in the prehospital phase of acute coronary syndrome: experiences from a randomized clinical trial. Coron Artery Dis. 2010;21(2):113\u201320.","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.016","volume":"48","author":"PJ McRae","year":"2015","unstructured":"McRae PJ, Bendall JC, Madigan V, Middleton PM. Paramedic-performed fascia Iliaca compartment block for femoral fractures: a controlled trial. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(5):581\u20139.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287676.39323.9e","volume":"105","author":"A Schiferer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiferer A, Gore C, Gorove L, Lang T, Steinlechner B, Zimpfer M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of femoral nerve blockade administered preclinically for pain relief in femoral trauma. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1852\u20134.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.980480","volume":"20","author":"EB Lerner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lerner EB, Weik T, Edgerton EA. Research in prehospital care: overcoming the barriers to success. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(4):448\u201353.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70099-5","volume":"34","author":"A Ricard-Hibon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ricard-Hibon A, Chollet C, Saada S, Loridant B, Marty J. A quality control program for acute pain management in out-of-hospital critical care medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(6):738\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"588_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haley KB, Lerner EB, Guse CE, Pirrallo RG. Effect of system-wide interventions on the assessment and treatment of pain by emergency medical services providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(6):752-58.","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2016.1182599"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"588_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.831510","volume":"18","author":"KM Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown KM, Hirshon JM, Alcorta R, Weik TS, Lawner B, Ho S, et al. The implementation and evaluation of an evidence-based statewide prehospital pain management protocol developed using the national prehospital evidence-based guideline model process for emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(Suppl 1):45\u201351.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120500253805","volume":"9","author":"JE Pointer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pointer JE, Harlan K. Impact of liberalization of protocols for the use of morphine sulfate in an urban emergency medical services system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9(4):377\u201381.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938049","volume":"6","author":"L Fullerton-Gleason","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fullerton-Gleason L, Crandall C, Sklar DP. Prehospital administration of morphine for isolated extremity injuries: a change in protocol reduces time to medication. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):411\u20136.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120500366086","volume":"10","author":"SC French","year":"2006","unstructured":"French SC, Salama NP, Baqai S, Raslavicus S, Ramaker J, Chan SB. Effects of an educational intervention on prehospital pain management. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10(1):71\u20136.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"588_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2012.7.6678","volume":"14","author":"SC French","year":"2013","unstructured":"French SC, Chan SB, Ramaker J. Education on prehospital pain management: a follow-up study. West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(2):96\u2013102.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.098954","volume":"28","author":"PA Jennings","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jennings PA, Cameron P, Bernard S. Epidemiology of prehospital pain: an opportunity for improvement. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(6):530\u20131.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938021","volume":"6","author":"SA McLean","year":"2002","unstructured":"McLean SA, Maio RF, Domeier RM. The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6(4):402\u20135.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"588_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.03.012","volume":"47","author":"SK Spilman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spilman SK, Lechtenberg GT, Hahn KD, Fuchsen EA, Olson SD, Swegle JR, et al. Is pain really undertreated? Challenges of addressing pain in trauma patients during prehospital transport and trauma resuscitation. Injury. 2016;47(9):2018\u201324.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2010.497896","volume":"14","author":"PM Middleton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Middleton PM, Simpson PM, Sinclair G, Dobbins TA, Math B, Bendall JC. Effectiveness of morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(4):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"588_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewes HA, Dai M, Mann NC, Baca T, Taillac P. Prehospital pain management: disparity by age and race. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(2):189-97.","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1367444"},{"issue":"5","key":"588_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.5.1552","volume":"126","author":"ES Fu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fu ES, Downs JB, Schweiger JW, Miguel RV, Smith RA. Supplemental oxygen impairs detection of hypoventilation by pulse oximetry. Chest. 2004;126(5):1552\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"588_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/10903129808958883","volume":"2","author":"P DeVellis","year":"1998","unstructured":"DeVellis P, Thomas SH, Wedel SK. Prehospital and emergency department analgesia for air-transported patients with fractures. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2(4):293\u20136.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"588_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-17-61","volume":"17","author":"P Johansson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johansson P, Kongstad P, Johansson A. The effect of combined treatment with morphine sulphate and low-dose ketamine in a prehospital setting. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:61.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.01.005","volume":"27","author":"MA Frakes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frakes MA, Lord WR, Kociszewski C, Wedel SK. Factors associated with unoffered trauma analgesia in critical care transport. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(1):49\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2005.11.021","volume":"24","author":"MA Frakes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frakes MA, Lord WR, Kociszewski C, Wedel SK. Efficacy of fentanyl analgesia for trauma in critical care transport. Am J Emerg Med. 2006;24(3):286\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31823c4444","volume":"72","author":"GC Soriya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soriya GC, McVaney KE, Liao MM, Haukoos JS, Byyny RL, Gravitz C, et al. Safety of prehospital intravenous fentanyl for adult trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(3):755\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"588_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.06.003","volume":"34","author":"A Ricard-Hibon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ricard-Hibon A, Belpomme V, Chollet C, Devaud ML, Adnet F, Borron S, et al. Compliance with a morphine protocol and effect on pain relief in out-of-hospital patients. J Emerg Med. 2008;34(3):305\u201310.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"588_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebon J, Fournier F, Begin F, Hebert D, Fleet R, Foldes-Busque G, et al. Subcutaneous Fentanyl Administration: A Novel Approach for Pain Management in a Rural and Suburban Prehospital Setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(5):648-56.","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2016.1162887"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32835c9fa3","volume":"20","author":"KE Bakkelund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bakkelund KE, Sundland E, Moen S, Vangberg G, Mellesmo S, Klepstad P. Undertreatment of pain in the prehospital setting: a comparison between trauma patients and patients with chest pain. Eur J Emerg Med. 2013;20(6):428\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"588_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90127-J","volume":"10","author":"BM Bruns","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bruns BM, Dieckmann R, Shagoury C, Dingerson A, Swartzell C. Safety of pre-hospital therapy with morphine sulfate. Am J Emerg Med. 1992;10(1):53\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"588_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X12000180","volume":"26","author":"JC Bendall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Prehospital analgesia in New South Wales, Australia. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2011;26(6):422\u20136.","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T19:17:58Z","timestamp":1581016678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sjtrem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-019-0588-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (no. 1-16-02-294-16) and the National Board of Health (no. 3-3013-2002\/1). The local ethics committee was consulted, and the study was approved with a waiver of patient consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"11"}}