{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:38:57Z","timestamp":1791668337500,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinically meaningful pain reduction with respect to severity and the adverse events of drugs used in prehospital pain management for children are areas that have not received sufficient attention. The present systematic review therefore aims to perform a comprehensive search of databases to examine the preferable drugs for prehospital pain relief in paediatric patients with acute pain, irrespective of aetiology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The systematic review includes studies from 2000 and up to 2020 that focus on children\u2019s prehospital pain management. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO with registration no. CRD42019126699. Pharmacological pain management using any type of analgesic drug and in all routes of administration was included. The main outcomes were (1) measurable pain reduction (effectiveness) and (2) no occurrence of any serious adverse events. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Epistemonikos and Cochrane library. Finally, the risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist and a textual narrative analysis was performed due to the heterogeneity of the results.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present systematic review on the effectiveness and safety of analgesic drugs in prehospital pain relief in children identified a total of eight articles. Most of the articles reviewed identified analgesic drugs such as fentanyl (intranasal\/IV), morphine (IV), methoxyflurane (inhalational) and ketamine (IV\/IM). The effects of fentanyl, morphine and methoxyflurane were examined and all of the included analgesic drugs were evaluated as effective. Adverse events of fentanyl, methoxyflurane and ketamine were also reported, although none of these were considered serious.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The systematic review revealed that fentanyl, morphine, methoxyflurane and combination drugs are effective analgesic drugs for children in prehospital settings. No serious adverse events were reported following the administration of fentanyl, methoxyflurane and ketamine. Intranasal fentanyl and inhalational methoxyflurane seem to be the preferred drugs for children in pre-hospital settings due to their ease of administration, similar effect and safety profile when compared to other analgesic drugs. However, the level of evidence (LOE) in the included studies was only three or four, and further studies are therefore necessary.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T08:02:31Z","timestamp":1639209751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonas","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Hetmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Sumera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trine","family":"Staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0521-2","volume":"26","author":"KD Friesgaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"KD Friesgaard  2018 Acute pain in the prehospital setting: a register-based study of 41.241 patients Scandinavian J Trauma Resuscit Emergency Med 26 1 53","journal-title":"Scandinavian J Trauma Resuscit Emergency Med"},{"issue":"Supp. 1","key":"974_CR2","first-page":"S89","volume":"28","author":"J Turner","year":"2013","unstructured":"J Turner  2013 What outcome measures should be developed for pre-hospital care? Results of a consensus event Prehospital Disaster Med 28 Supp. 1 S89 S89","journal-title":"Prehospital Disaster Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"974_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.050005","volume":"25","author":"R Pagnamenta","year":"2008","unstructured":"R Pagnamenta JR Benger 2008 Factors influencing parent satisfaction in a children\u2019s emergency department: prospective questionnaire-based study Emerg Med J 25 7 417","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3109\/10903121003760218","volume":"14","author":"M Galinski","year":"2010","unstructured":"M Galinski  2010 Prevalence and management of acute pain in prehospital emergency medicine Prehospital Emerg Care 14 3 334 339","journal-title":"Prehospital Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1037478","volume":"20","author":"A Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"A Murphy  2016 A prevalence and management study of acute pain in children attending emergency departments by ambulance Prehosp Emerg Care 20 1 52 58","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.079384","volume":"28","author":"B Lord","year":"2011","unstructured":"B Lord M Woollard 2011 The reliability of vital signs in estimating pain severity among adult patients treated by paramedics Emerg Med J 28 2 147","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120590891705","volume":"9","author":"H Hennes","year":"2005","unstructured":"H Hennes MK Kim RG Pirrallo 2005 PREHOSPITAL PAIN MANAGEMENT Prehosp Emerg Care 9 1 32 39","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.29045\/14784726.2019.09.4.2.37","volume":"4","author":"R Pilbery","year":"2019","unstructured":"R Pilbery J Miles F Bell 2019 A service evaluation of paediatric pain management in an English ambulance service Bt Paramedic J 4 2 37","journal-title":"Bt Paramedic J"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2006.00808.x","volume":"18","author":"N Watkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"N Watkins 2006 Paediatric prehospital analgesia in Auckland Emerg Med Austral 18 1 51 6","journal-title":"Emerg Med Austral"},{"key":"974_CR10","first-page":"S52","volume":"16","author":"B DeBruyne","year":"2014","unstructured":"B DeBruyne  2014 Emergency medical services provider comfort with pre-hospital analgesia administration to children Can J Emerg Med 16 S52 S53","journal-title":"Can J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.695436","volume":"16","author":"DM Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"DM Williams  2012 Barriers to and enablers for prehospital analgesia for pediatric patients Prehosp Emerg Care 16 4 519 526","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2014.01.005","volume":"15","author":"KM Adelgais","year":"2014","unstructured":"KM Adelgais K Brown 2014 Pediatric prehospital pain management: impact of advocacy and research Clin Pediatric Emerg Med 15 1 49 58","journal-title":"Clin Pediatric Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"974_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.05.041","volume":"35","author":"SH Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"SH Thomas S Shewakramani 2008 Prehospital trauma analgesia J Emerg Med 35 1 47 57","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"974_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00983.x","volume":"11","author":"R Sinatra","year":"2010","unstructured":"R Sinatra 2010 Causes and consequences of inadequate management of acute pain Pain Med 11 12 1859 1871","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"974_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.24.10.337","volume":"24","author":"WT Zempsky","year":"2003","unstructured":"WT Zempsky NL Schechter 2003 What's new in the management of pain in children Pediatrics Rev 24 10 337 347","journal-title":"Pediatrics Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.2.147","volume":"152","author":"SJ Weisman","year":"1998","unstructured":"SJ Weisman B Bernstein NL Schechter 1998 Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children Arch Pediatrics Adolescent Med 152 2 147 149","journal-title":"Arch Pediatrics Adolescent Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326888chc2504_4","volume":"25","author":"JT Pate","year":"1996","unstructured":"JT Pate  1996 Childhood medical experience and temperament as predictors of adult functioning in medical situations Children's Health Care 25 4 281 298","journal-title":"Children's Health Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"974_CR18","first-page":"S295","volume":"156","author":"C Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"C Park  2010 Prehospital analgesia: systematic review of evidence BMJ Milit Health 156 Suppl 4 S295 300","journal-title":"BMJ Milit Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.012","volume":"33","author":"N Samuel","year":"2015","unstructured":"N Samuel IP Steiner I Shavit 2015 Prehospital pain management of injured children: a systematic review of current evidence Am J Emerg Med 33 3 451 454","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.29045\/14784726.2019.12.4.3.24","volume":"4","author":"GA Whitley","year":"2019","unstructured":"GA Whitley R Pilbery 2019 Pre-hospital intranasal analgesia for children suffering pain: a rapid evidence review Bt Paramedic J 4 3 24","journal-title":"Bt Paramedic J"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"974_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.844873","volume":"18","author":"M Gausche-Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"M Gausche-Hill  2014 An evidence-based guideline for prehospital analgesia in trauma Prehosp Emerg Care 18 sup1 25 34","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"974_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"MJ Page  2021 PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews BMJ 372 160","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"974_CR23","unstructured":"Fredrik Hetmann TS, Kacper Sumera, Matt Holland, Yonas Abebe Tessema. Pediatric prehospital pain management; a systematic review. 2019 [cited 2021 May 11]; Available from: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019126699."},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.3.199","volume":"9","author":"B Bulloch","year":"2002","unstructured":"B Bulloch M Tenenbein 2002 Assessment of clinically significant changes in acute pain in children Acad Emerg Med 9 3 199 202","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"974_CR25","unstructured":"(FDA), T.U.S.f.a.d.a. What is a Serious Adverse Event? 2016 [cited 2021 June 26]; Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/reporting-serious-problems-fda\/what-serious-adverse-event."},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR26","first-page":"217","volume":"58","author":"KP Grichnik","year":"1991","unstructured":"KP Grichnik FM Ferrante 1991 The difference between acute and chronic pain Mt Sinai J Med 58 3 217 20","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"974_CR27","unstructured":"Covidence. Create and publish a data extraction template 2021 February 3, 2021 [cited 2021 May 28]; Available from: https:\/\/support.covidence.org\/help\/create-and-publish-a-data-extraction-template."},{"key":"974_CR28","unstructured":"Adelaide, T.U.o. JBI, critical appriasal tools 2020 [cited 2021 May 11]; Available from: https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools."},{"issue":"7","key":"974_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2009.05.003","volume":"80","author":"PT Morley","year":"2009","unstructured":"PT Morley 2009 Evidence evaluation worksheets: the systematic reviews for the evidence evaluation process for the 2010 International Consensus on Resuscitation Science Resuscitation 80 7 719 721","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2006.00874.x","volume":"18","author":"FE Babl","year":"2006","unstructured":"FE Babl  2006 Inhaled methoxyflurane as a prehospital analgesic in children Emerg Med Austral 18 4 404 10","journal-title":"Emerg Med Austral"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12586","volume":"28","author":"B Lord","year":"2016","unstructured":"B Lord PA Jennings K Smith 2016 The epidemiology of pain in children treated by paramedics Emerg Med Austral 28 3 319 24","journal-title":"Emerg Med Austral"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.10.025","volume":"63","author":"APH Karlsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"APH Karlsen  2014 Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study Ann Emerg Med 63 6 699 703","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"974_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.06.026","volume":"33","author":"PA Jennings","year":"2015","unstructured":"PA Jennings B Lord K Smith 2015 Clinically meaningful reduction in pain severity in children treated by paramedics: a retrospective cohort study Am J Emerg Med 33 11 1587 90","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"974_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2174\/1876542401003010007","volume":"3","author":"IG Jacobs","year":"2010","unstructured":"IG Jacobs 2010 Health effects of patients given methoxyflurane in the pre-hospital setting: a data linkage study Open Emerg Med J 3 7 13","journal-title":"Open Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01852.x","volume":"53","author":"PP Bredmose","year":"2009","unstructured":"PP Bredmose  2009 Pre-hospital use of ketamine in paediatric trauma Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 53 4 543 545","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2010.541980","volume":"15","author":"JC Bendall","year":"2011","unstructured":"JC Bendall PM Simpson PM Middleton 2011 Effectiveness of prehospital morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in pediatric patients Prehosp Emerg Care 15 2 158 165","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000389","volume":"24","author":"AP Murphy","year":"2017","unstructured":"AP Murphy  2017 Intranasal fentanyl for the prehospital management of acute pain in children Eur J Emerg Med 24 6 450 454","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR38","first-page":"205","volume":"81","author":"G Savoia","year":"2015","unstructured":"G Savoia  2015 Italian Intersociety Recommendations on pain management in the emergency setting (SIAARTI, SIMEU, SIS 118, AISD, SIARED, SICUT, IRC) Minerva Anestesiol 81 2 205 225","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.06.016","volume":"49","author":"M Borland","year":"2007","unstructured":"M Borland  2007 A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department Ann Emerg Med 49 3 335 340","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"974_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy A, et al. Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(10).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009942.pub2"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2002.00344.x","volume":"14","author":"ML Borland","year":"2002","unstructured":"ML Borland I Jacobs G Geelhoed 2002 Intranasal fentanyl reduces acute pain in children in the emergency department: a safety and efficacy study Emerg Med 14 3 275 280","journal-title":"Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"974_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2013-202909","volume":"31","author":"F Coffey","year":"2014","unstructured":"F Coffey  2014 STOP!: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane for the treatment of acute pain Emerg Med J 31 8 613 618","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"974_CR43","unstructured":"Yousefifard M, et al. Pre-hospital pain management; a systematic review of proposed guidelines. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2019;7(1)."},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/312704001157","volume":"8","author":"D Braude","year":"2004","unstructured":"D Braude M Richards 2004 Appeal for fentanyl prehospital use Prehosp Emerg Care 8 4 441","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"974_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S252222","volume":"13","author":"A Fabbri","year":"2020","unstructured":"A Fabbri  2020 Role of inhaled methoxyflurane in the management of acute trauma pain J Pain Res 13 1547","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"974_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.02.027","volume":"25","author":"C Rickard","year":"2007","unstructured":"C Rickard  2007 A randomized controlled trial of intranasal fentanyl vs intravenous morphine for analgesia in the prehospital setting Am J Emerg Med 25 8 911 917","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"974_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.04.020","volume":"26","author":"V Bounes","year":"2008","unstructured":"V Bounes  2008 Is there an ideal morphine dose for prehospital treatment of severe acute pain? A randomized, double-blind comparison of 2 doses Am J Emerg Med 26 2 148 154","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"974_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.02.040","volume":"25","author":"JE Svenson","year":"2007","unstructured":"JE Svenson MK Abernathy 2007 Ketamine for prehospital use: new look at an old drug Am J Emerg Med 25 8 977 980","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.010843","volume":"21","author":"K Porter","year":"2004","unstructured":"K Porter 2004 Ketamine in prehospital care Emerg Med J 21 3 351 354","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"974_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2011.02446.x","volume":"55","author":"P Jennings","year":"2011","unstructured":"P Jennings P Cameron S Bernard 2011 Ketamine as an analgesic in the pre-hospital setting: a systematic review Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica 55 6 638 643","journal-title":"Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica"},{"key":"974_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S4554","volume":"3","author":"ST Verghese","year":"2010","unstructured":"ST Verghese RS Hannallah 2010 Acute pain management in children J Pain Res 3 105","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"974_CR52","first-page":"766","volume":"87","author":"RD Blondell","year":"2013","unstructured":"RD Blondell M Azadfard AM Wisniewski 2013 Pharmacologic therapy for acute pain Am Family Physic 87 11 766 772","journal-title":"Am Family Physic"},{"key":"974_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196609000-00010","volume":"27","author":"WB Crandell","year":"1966","unstructured":"WB Crandell SG Pappas A Macdonald 1966 Nephrotoxicity associated with methoxyflurane anesthesia J Am Soc Anesthesiol 27 591","journal-title":"J Am Soc Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"974_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/37.9.706","volume":"37","author":"P Tomlin","year":"1965","unstructured":"P Tomlin 1965 Methoxyflurane Bt J Anaesthesia 37 9 706 709","journal-title":"Bt J Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"974_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.168149","volume":"32","author":"N Vadivelu","year":"2016","unstructured":"N Vadivelu  2016 Role of ketamine for analgesia in adults and children J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 32 3 298","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"974_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.695434","volume":"16","author":"AM Burnett","year":"2012","unstructured":"AM Burnett  2012 The emergency department experience with prehospital ketamine: a case series of 13 patients Prehosp Emerg Care 16 4 553 559","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"974_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572003000800012","volume":"79","author":"PM Lago","year":"2003","unstructured":"PM Lago  2003 Analgesia and sedation in emergency situations and in the pediatric intensive care unit Jornal de pediatria 79 S223 S230","journal-title":"Jornal de pediatria"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T20:05:21Z","timestamp":1676059521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sjtrem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00974-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"170"}}