{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:05:23Z","timestamp":1792137923400,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selection of incidents and accurate identification of patients that require assistance from physician-staffed emergency medical services (P-EMS) remain essential. We aimed to evaluate P-EMS availability, the underlying criteria for dispatch, and the corresponding dispatch accuracy of trauma care in south-east Norway in 2015, to identify areas for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-hospital data from emergency medical coordination centres and P-EMS medical databases were linked with data from the Norwegian Trauma Registry (NTR). Based on a set of conditions (injury severity, interventions performed, level of consciousness, incident category), trauma incidents were defined as complex, warranting P-EMS assistance, or non-complex. Incident complexity and P-EMS involvement were the main determinants when assessing the triage accuracy. Undertriage was adjusted for P-EMS availability and response and transport times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 19,028 trauma incidents, P-EMS were involved in 2506 (13.2%). The range of overtriage was 74\u201380% and the range of undertriage was 20\u201332%. P-EMS readiness in the event of complex incidents ranged from 58\u00a0to\u00a070%. The most frequent dispatch criterion was \u201cPolice\/fire brigade request immediate response\u201d recorded in 4321 (22.7%) of the incidents. Criteria from the groups \u201cAccidents\u201d and \u201cRoad traffic accidents\u201d were recorded in 10,875 (57.2%) incidents, and criteria from the groups \u201cTransport reservations\u201d and \u201cUnidentified problem\u201d in 6025 (31,7%) incidents. Among 4916 patient pathways in the NTR, 681 (13.9%) could not be matched with pre-hospital data records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both P-EMS availability and dispatch accuracy remain suboptimal in trauma care in south-east Norway. Dispatch criteria are too vague to facilitate accurate P-EMS dispatch, and pre-hospital data is inconsistent and insufficient to provide basic data for scientific research. Future dispatch criteria should focus on the care aspect of P-EMS. Better tools for both dispatch and incident handling for the emergency medical coordination centres are essential. In general, coordination, standardisation, and integration of existing data systems should enhance the quality of trauma care and increase patient safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T05:02:42Z","timestamp":1638853362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dispatch accuracy of physician-staffed emergency medical services in trauma care in south-east Norway: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0916-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Samdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjetil","family":"Thorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Gr\u00e6sli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e5rten","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Rehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"982_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.027","volume":"41","author":"T Kristiansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kristiansen T, Soreide K, Ringdal KG, Rehn M, Kruger AJ, Reite A, Meling T, Naess PA, Lossius HM. Trauma systems and early management of severe injuries in Scandinavia: review of the current state. Injury. 2010;41(5):444\u201352.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"982_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13547","volume":"64","author":"B Risgaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Risgaard B, Draegert C, Baekgaard JS, Steinmetz J, Rasmussen LS. Impact of physician-staffed helicopters on pre-hospital patient outcomes: a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64(5):691\u2013704.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"982_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.05.020","volume":"43","author":"G Franschman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franschman G, Verburg N, Brens-Heldens V, Andriessen TMJC, Van der Naalt J, Peerdeman SM, Valk JP, Hoogerwerf N, Greuters S, Schober P, et al. Effects of physician-based emergency medical service dispatch in severe traumatic brain injury on prehospital run time. Injury-Int J Care Injured. 2012;43(11):1838\u201342.","journal-title":"Injury-Int J Care Injured"},{"key":"982_CR4","first-page":"CD009228","volume":"12","author":"SM Galvagno Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galvagno SM Jr, Sikorski R, Hirshon JM, Floccare D, Stephens C, Beecher D, Thomas S. Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;12:CD009228.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"982_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12796","volume":"17","author":"H Andruszkow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andruszkow H, Lefering R, Frink M, Mommsen P, Zeckey C, Rahe K, Krettek C, Hildebrand F. Survival benefit of helicopter emergency medical services compared to ground emergency medical services in traumatized patients. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0256-x","volume":"24","author":"T Pakkanen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pakkanen T, Virkkunen I, Kamarainen A, Huhtala H, Silfvast T, Virta J, Randell T, Yli-Hankala A. Pre-hospital severe traumatic brain injury\u2014comparison of outcome in paramedic versus physician staffed emergency medical services. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;24(1):62.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0438-1","volume":"25","author":"T Pakkanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pakkanen T, Kamarainen A, Huhtala H, Silfvast T, Nurmi J, Virkkunen I, Yli-Hankala A. Physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service has a beneficial impact on the incidence of prehospital hypoxia and secured airways on patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):94.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"982_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-19-57","volume":"19","author":"E Fevang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fevang E, Lockey D, Thompson J, Lossius HM, Torpo Research C. The top five research priorities in physician-provided pre-hospital critical care: a consensus report from a European research collaboration. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:57.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0562-6","volume":"26","author":"KG Bache","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bache KG, Rehn M, Thompson J. Seven years since defining the top five research priorities in physician-provided pre-hospital critical care\u2014what did it lead to and where are we now? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):101.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"982_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2008.065862","volume":"26","author":"H Snooks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Snooks H, Evans A, Wells B, Peconi J, Thomas M, Woollard M, Guly H, Jenkinson E, Turner J, Hartley-Sharpe C. What are the highest priorities for research in emergency prehospital care? Emerg Med J. 2009;26(8):549.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120802472012","volume":"13","author":"AN Ringburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ringburg AN, De Ronde G, Thomas SH, Van Lieshout EMM, Patka P, Schipper IB. Validity of helicopter emergency medical services dispatch criteria for traumatic injuries: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13(1):28\u201336.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"7262","key":"982_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7262.694","volume":"321","author":"M Campbell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Campbell M, Fitzpatrick R, Haines A, Kinmonth AL, Sandercock P, Spiegelhalter D, Tyrer P. Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. BMJ. 2000;321(7262):694.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"982_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1655","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655","volume":"337","author":"P Craig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:a1655.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"982_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181920f18","volume":"37","author":"K Hillman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hillman K, Chen J, May E. Complex intensive care unit interventions. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(1 Suppl):S102-106.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"982_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2018.03.010","volume":"29","author":"M Samdal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samdal M, Haugland HH, Fjeldet C, Rehn M, Sandberg M. Static rope evacuation by helicopter emergency medical services in rescue operations in Southeast Norway. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018;29(3):315\u201324.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"982_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2019.06.004","volume":"30","author":"M Samdal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samdal M, Eiding H, Markengbakken L, Roislien J, Rehn M, Sandberg M. Time course of hoist operations by the search and rescue helicopter service in Southeast Norway. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019;30(4):351\u201361.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"982_CR17","unstructured":"Norwegian Medical Association: Norsk indeks for medisinsk n\u00f8dhjelp (Norwegian Index of Emergency Medical Assistance), 3rd edn. Stavanger: The Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine; 2009."},{"key":"982_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-18-9","volume":"18","author":"E Zakariassen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zakariassen E, Burman RA, Hunskaar S. The epidemiology of medical emergency contacts outside hospitals in Norway\u2014a prospective population based study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2010;18:9.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"982_CR19","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Health: Registreringsveileder. Opplysninger fra AMK-sentralene. Rapportering til Norsk pasientregister (NPR) (EMCC registration guide). IS2042. Oslo:Helsedirektoratet; 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"982_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12673","volume":"60","author":"O Osteras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osteras O, Brattebo G, Heltne JK. Helicopter-based emergency medical services for a sparsely populated region: a study of 42,500 dispatches. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(5):659\u201367.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"982_CR21","unstructured":"National working group: Traumesystem i Norge (Trauma system in Norway). The Regional Health Authorities of Norway; 2006."},{"key":"982_CR22","unstructured":"The National Trauma Registry: The National Trauma Registry\u2014Annual Report; 2015. https:\/\/nkt-traume.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/aarsrapport_2015_NTR1.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"982_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.682701","volume":"16","author":"WS Pearson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pearson WS, Ovalle F Jr, Faul M, Sasser SM. A review of traumatic brain injury trauma center visits meeting physiologic criteria from The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Triage Guidelines. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(3):323\u20138.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"982_CR24","unstructured":"Steering group of physician-staffed HEMS in Denmark.Visitations- og disponeringsretningslinjer for den landsd\u00e6kkende akutl\u00e6gehelikopterordning i Danmark (National guidelines for dispatch of physician-staffef HEMS in Denmark). 2014. https:\/\/issuu.com\/denlandsdakkendeakutlagehelikopter\/docs\/__rsrapport_2014_enkeltsidet."},{"issue":"11","key":"982_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030626","volume":"9","author":"H Haugland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haugland H, Olkinuora A, Rogn\u00e5s L, Ohlen D, Kr\u00fcger A. Testing quality indicators and proposing benchmarks for physician-staffed emergency medical services: a prospective Nordic multicentre study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):e030626.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"982_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","volume":"147","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):573\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-015-0058-x","volume":"15","author":"F Dami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dami F, Golay C, Pasquier M, Fuchs V, Carron P-N, Hugli O. Prehospital triage accuracy in a criteria based dispatch centre. BMC Emerg Med. 2015;15(1):32.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"982_CR28","unstructured":"The American College of Surgeons\u2014Committee on Trauma: Resources for optimal care of the injured patient. Chicago; 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-018-0528-8","volume":"26","author":"K Bohm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bohm K, Kurland L. The accuracy of medical dispatch\u2014a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):94.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"982_CR30","unstructured":"The American College of Surgeons\u2014Committee on Trauma: Resources for optimal care of the injured patient. Chicago; 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-020-00729-6","volume":"28","author":"E Jeppesen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeppesen E, Cuevas-Ostrem M, Gram-Knutsen C, Uleberg O. Undertriage in trauma: an ignored quality indicator? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):34.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"982_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12931","volume":"61","author":"T Wisborg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wisborg T, Ellensen EN, Svege I, Dehli T. Are severely injured trauma victims in Norway offered advanced pre-hospital care? National, retrospective, observational cohort. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(7):841\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0414-9","volume":"25","author":"AMK Harmsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harmsen AMK, Geeraedts LMG Jr, Giannakopoulos GF, Terra M, Christiaans HMT, Mokkink LB, Bloemers FW. National consensus on communication in prehospital trauma care, the DENIM study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):67.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"982_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.03.015","volume":"42","author":"LD Wigman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wigman LD, van Lieshout EM, de Ronde G, Patka P, Schipper IB. Trauma-related dispatch criteria for Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Europe. Injury. 2011;42(5):525\u201333.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O\u2019Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Chesnut R, Harris OA, Kissoon N, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Fourth Ed Neurosurg. 2017;80(1):6\u201315.","journal-title":"Fourth Ed Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9266","key":"982_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04561-X","volume":"357","author":"IG Stiell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, Clement C, Lesiuk H, Laupacis A, McKnight RD, Verbeek R, Brison R, Cass D, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357(9266):1391\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"982_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13583","volume":"64","author":"AS Johnsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnsen AS, Samdal M, Sollid S, Rehn M. Major incident management by helicopter emergency medical services in South-East Norway from 2000\u20132016: retrospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64(7):1014\u201320.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"982_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-22-2","volume":"22","author":"EN Ellensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ellensen EN, Hunskaar S, Wisborg T, Zakariassen E. Variations in contact patterns and dispatch guideline adherence between Norwegian emergency medical communication centres\u2013a cross-sectional study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:2.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"982_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-016-0105-2","volume":"16","author":"EN Ellensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellensen EN, Wisborg T, Hunskaar S, Zakariassen E. Dispatch guideline adherence and response interval-a study of emergency medical calls in Norway. BMC Emerg Med. 2016;16(1):40.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T05:19:56Z","timestamp":1638854396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sjtrem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00982-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The regional committees for medical and health research ethics (REK) section south-east and the data protection officer at Oslo University Hospital classified this study as a quality assurance project not requiring approval (REK decision 2014\/1509). Dispensation from professional confidentiality requirements for other types of research was granted in accordance with REK decision 2014\/1510.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Martin Samdal (MS) is a research fellow with Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (NAAF) and a consultant anaesthesiologist working both at the Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive care and the Air Ambulance Department, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust. Kjetil Thorsen (KT) is a senior researcher at NAAF. Ola Gr\u00e6sli (OG) is a paramedic and ICT-advisor at the Pre-hospital division, Oslo University Hospital. M\u00e5rten Sandberg (MSb) and Marius Rehn (MR) are consultant anaesthesiologists working at the Pre-hospital Division, Air Ambulance Department, Oslo University Hospital. Rehn is also a senior researcher at NAAF and an associate professor at the University of Stavanger. None of the authors have any other relationships, financial or personal, to disclose that could have inappropriately influenced this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"169"}}