{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:39:44Z","timestamp":1787020784135,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be elevated among first responders (Emergency Medical Services, fire service, police force) compared to the general population. Examining the prevalence of mental health issues in a work force with an elevated occupational risk is fundamental towards ensuring their wellbeing and implementing safeguard measures. The goal of this study is therefore to report the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic development, and PTSD in Norwegian ambulance personnel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey (Questback\u00ae), performed among operative personnel employed in the Emergency Medical Services in the Regional Health Trust of Central Norway between 18. February and 9. April 2021. The study was sent to 1052 eligible participants. Questions reported demographic data, a traumatic events exposure index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Depression), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Posttraumatic symptom scale (PTSD) and Posttraumatic change scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The response rate in this study was 45.5% (n\u2009=\u2009479\/1052). The mean age of respondents was 37.1\u00a0years (std. 11.1) and 52.8% (n\u2009=\u2009253) were male. Of the respondents, 80.6% (n\u2009=\u2009386) were married or had a partner, and 91.6% (n\u2009=\u2009439) reported having access to a peer support programme, with 34.9% (n\u2009=\u2009167) reporting that they had utilized peer support. In this study, 5% (n\u2009=\u200924) showed a prevalence of manifest posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, while 8.6% (n\u2009=\u200941) reported moderate to severe depression and 2.9% (n\u2009=\u200914) presented moderate to severe symptoms of general anxiety. Of the respondents, 77.2% (n\u2009=\u2009370) reported personal growth because of their work experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that Norwegian ambulance personnel report a prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression, which is slightly higher for men, and lower for the female proportion in this study, when compared to an adult Norwegian population. The vast majority of respondents reported personal growth because of their work experience, and both the degree of peer support and having a partner seem to influence levels of posttraumatic stress and -development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00991-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1641888173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A cross-sectional study of mental health-, posttraumatic stress symptoms and post exposure changes in Norwegian ambulance personnel"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn Ole","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Eide","family":"N\u00e6ss-Pleym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Elvenes","family":"Bakkelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jostein","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oddvar","family":"Uleberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas Espetvedt","family":"Nordstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"991_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00007251","volume":"24","author":"E Donnelly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donnelly E, Siebert D. 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