{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:44:19Z","timestamp":1783028659597,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accidental hypothermia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and poses a significant challenge for both professional and volunteer rescue services in prehospital settings. This study investigated the methods and equipment available to treat patients with cold stress or accidental hypothermia before reaching hospital in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We surveyed 156 respondents representing 708 units from both the professional and volunteer Norwegian prehospital chain of care between 2023 and 2024. Professional services included national ground ambulances, boat ambulances, national fixed wing and helicopter air ambulance services, search and rescue helicopter services, and urban search and rescue services. Volunteer services included Norwegian People\u2019s Aid and the Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps. The survey queried the availability of active warming equipment, passive insulation materials, thermometers for detecting hypothermia, and preferred sites for temperature measurements. The study also investigated whether there has been a development in available equipment compared to a similar study conducted in 2013.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The survey achieved a response rate of 70.5%. Chemical heat pads were the most frequently used type of equipment for active external warming and were the only equipment used by volunteer rescue services. All services possessed equipment for passive external warming, with duvets, space blankets and wool- or cotton blankets being the most commonly available. Thermometers for detecting hypothermia were found in 86.3% of professional rescue services and 15% of volunteer units. Almost all respondents reported consistent equipment setups year-round.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All Norwegian prehospital services, both professional and volunteer, reported having equipment available for active and passive external warming. Thermometers for detecting hypothermia were reported by all professional services. The most notable change in the equipment available to treat patients with prehospital cold stress and accidental hypothermia in Norway was the increased availability of active external rewarming equipment in 2024 compared with that in 2013.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T11:32:27Z","timestamp":1734521547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Methods and equipment available for prehospital treatment of accidental hypothermia: a survey of Norwegian prehospital services"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tea Wick","family":"Barsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"Mydske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7543","key":"1302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7543.706","volume":"332","author":"E Epstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Epstein E, Anna K. Accidental hypothermia. Br Med J. 2006;332(7543):706\u20139.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011","volume":"161","author":"C Lott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lott C, Truhl\u00e1\u0159 A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152\u2013219.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"4suppl","key":"1302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2019.10.002","volume":"30","author":"J Dow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dow J, Giesbrecht GG, Danzl DF, Brugger H, Sagalyn EB, Walpoth B, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of Accidental Hypothermia: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019;30(4suppl):S47\u201369.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.11.001","volume":"49","author":"FJC Haverkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haverkamp FJC, Giesbrecht GG, Tan ECTH. The prehospital management of hypothermia \u2014 an up-to-date overview. Injury. 2018;49(2):149\u201364.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"1302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzeng WJ, Tseng HY, Hou TY, Chou SE, Su WT, Hsu SY et al. From Death Triad to Death Tetrad-The Addition of a hypotension component to the death Triad improves mortality risk stratification in Trauma patients: a retrospective cohort study. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112885"},{"key":"1302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paal P, Pasquier M, Darocha T, Lechner R, Kosinski S, Wallner B et al. Accidental hypothermia: 2021 update. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010501"},{"key":"1302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Veelen MJ, Brodmann Maeder M. Hypothermia in Trauma. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168719"},{"issue":"2","key":"1302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000001518","volume":"68","author":"J Swol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Swol J, Darocha T, Paal P, Brugger H, Podsiad\u0142o P, Kosi\u0144ski S, et al. Extracorporeal life support in Accidental Hypothermia with Cardiac Arrest-A narrative review. Asaio j. 2022;68(2):153\u201362.","journal-title":"Asaio j"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-63","volume":"21","author":"AM Karlsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karlsen AM, Thomassen O, Vikenes BH, Bratteb\u00f8 G. Equipment to prevent, diagnose, and treat hypothermia: a survey of Norwegian pre-hospital services. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21(1):63.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2018.11.008","volume":"43","author":"ML Avellanas Chavala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avellanas Chavala ML, Ayala Gallardo M, Soteras Mart\u00ednez \u00cd, Subirats Bayego E. Management of accidental hypothermia: a narrative review. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2019;43(9):556\u201368.","journal-title":"Med Intensiva (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-024-01204-2","volume":"32","author":"S Mydske","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mydske S, Bratteb\u00f8 G, \u00d8ster\u00e5s \u00d8, Wiggen \u00d8, Assmus J, Thomassen \u00d8. Effect of a vapor barrier in combination with active external rewarming for cold-stressed patients in a prehospital setting: a randomized, crossover field study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2024;32(1):35.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-19-41","volume":"19","author":"\u00d8 Thomassen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomassen \u00d8, F\u00e6revik H, \u00d8ster\u00e5s \u00d8, Sunde GA, Zakariassen E, Sandsund M, et al. Comparison of three different prehospital wrapping methods for preventing hypothermia - a crossover study in humans. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19(1):41.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-019-0261-2","volume":"19","author":"P Podsiad\u0142o","year":"2019","unstructured":"Podsiad\u0142o P, Darocha T, Kosi\u0144ski S, Sanak T, Ga\u0142\u0105zkowski R. Body temperature measurement in ambulance: a challenge of 21-st century? BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):44.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"1302_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hymczak H, Go\u0142\u0105b A, Mendrala K, Plicner D, Darocha T, Podsiad\u0142o P et al. Core temperature measurement-principles of correct measurement, problems, and complications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010606"},{"key":"1302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68936-0","volume":"14","author":"M Mas\u00e8","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mas\u00e8 M, Micarelli A, Roveri G, et al. Vital parameter monitoring in harsh environment by the MedSENS in-ear multisensor device. Sci Rep. 2024;14:19117.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.2.1963","volume":"12","author":"BJ Barnett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barnett BJ, Nunberg S, Tai J, Lesser ML, Fridman V, Nichols P, et al. Oral and tympanic membrane temperatures are inaccurate to identify fever in emergency department adults. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4):505\u201311.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1302_CR17","first-page":"483","volume":"28","author":"D Hasper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasper D, Nee J, Schefold JC, Krueger A, Storm C. Tympanic temperature during therapeutic hypothermia. BMC Emerg Med. 2011;28(6):483\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"1302_CR18","volume-title":"Guidelines for management of accidental hypothermia [Faglig retningslinje for h\u00e5ndtering av aksidentell hypotermi]","author":"O Thomassen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomassen O. Guidelines for management of accidental hypothermia [Faglig retningslinje for h\u00e5ndtering av aksidentell hypotermi]. nakos.no: NKT; 2017."}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T12:14:22Z","timestamp":1734524062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sjtrem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-024-01302-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}