{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:08:03Z","timestamp":1768525683497,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation"},{"name":"University of Bergen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Accidental hypothermia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Research on treatment strategies for accidental hypothermia is complicated by the low incidence and heterogeneous patient population. We have developed a new method for clinical trials of experimental hypothermia, to enable further studies of active rewarming. If cold ambient air is effective as a cooling method, this would mimic the most frequent clinical setting of hypothermic patients and provide a feasible cooling method for field studies. We aimed to induce mild hypothermia in healthy volunteers by exposure to cold ambient air, and tested the hypothesis that drug-induced suppression of endogenous thermoregulation would be required.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 15 healthy volunteers wearing wet clothes were put in a windy climate chamber set to 5\u00a0\u00b0C. Each participant completed the experimental procedure twice, once receiving active drugs (meperidine and buspirone) and once receiving placebo. The experiments were separated by a one-week wash-out period. Primary outcome was core temperature at termination, defined as 3\u00a0h of exposure or 35\u00a0\u00b0C. The between-groups difference was assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with left censoring (Tobit model) and individual random intercept. Secondary outcomes were trajectory of core temperature and reduction of shivering.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>At termination, the active drug vs placebo group differed in temperature by 1.4\u00a0\u00b0C. With adjustment for the removal of participants reaching 35\u00a0\u00b0C, the estimated mean difference was 1.7\u00a0\u00b0C (1.4\u20132.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Shivering was effectively reduced, but not completely inhibited by the drug regimen, and core temperature declined at a rate of\u2009\u2212\u20090.82\u00a0\u00b0C per hour.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The novel protocol utilizing cold air as a cooling method and drug-induced suppression of endogenous thermoregulation, is effective and enables future research projects. We have provided suggestions for minor alterations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>\n              <jats:italic>Trial registration:<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>EudraCT ID 2023\u2013506020-81\u201300.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-025-01331-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T16:39:18Z","timestamp":1738341558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental hypothermia by cold air: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ane M.","family":"Helland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigurd","family":"Mydske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Assmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guttorm","family":"Bratteb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Wiggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haakon K.","family":"Kvidaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Thomassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.185276","volume":"9","author":"K Balvers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balvers K, Van der Horst M, Graumans M, Boer C, Binnekade JM, Goslings JC, et al. 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