{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:35:02Z","timestamp":1785458102272,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delayed identification of bacterial sepsis undermines the initiation of antibiotic and other time-sensitive treatments in the emergency department (ED). We aimed to investigate the performance of human-neutrophil lipocalin (HNL), procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and leucocyte count in conjunction with clinical scores for the early prediction of bacterial sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a suspected infection and a national early warning score (NEWS)\u2009\u2265\u20092 at triage were screened for eligibility. The study biomarkers were measured at ED presentation. The primary outcome was bacterial sepsis, defined as an acute bacterial infection and an increase of \u2265\u20092 points in the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (Sepsis-3 criteria). The diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers for bacterial sepsis was calculated using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis and its area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, we included 421 patients, of whom 155 (36.8%) had bacterial sepsis. For the prediction of bacterial sepsis, PCT outperformed the other biomarkers with an AUC (95% CI) of 0.77 (0.72\u20130.82), compared to HNL 0.72 (0.67\u20130.77), CRP 0.71 (0.66\u20130.76), and leucocyte count 0.64 (0.59\u20130.70). A combination of serum HNL with NEWS and SOFA at presentation had the best predictive value for bacterial sepsis at 48\u00a0h after ED presentation (AUC 0.83).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings do not support the routine use of serum HNL as a tool in the prediction of bacterial sepsis in patients presenting to the ED. A combination of biomarkers (serum HNL or CRP plus leucocytes) with NEWS and SOFA at presentation outperformed inflammatory biomarkers used individually in the prediction of bacterial sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-025-01429-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:24:39Z","timestamp":1751347479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human neutrophil lipocalin, procalcitonin, c-reactive protein, and leucocyte count for prediction of bacterial sepsis in emergency department patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Benhamou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Nieves-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian H.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Lampart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco M.","family":"Balestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Rosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriemhild","family":"Lippay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Bingisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227652","volume":"15","author":"G Husab\u00f8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Husab\u00f8 G, et al. 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