{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1784588686103,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009019","name":"Shenzhen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YJXT20250507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJXT20250507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T09:35:52Z","timestamp":1779701752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and challenges of large language model (LLM)-generated neonatal resuscitation simulations: a multicenter exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianshen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Qin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg M.","family":"Schm\u00f6lzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Yin","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16suppl2","key":"1632_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S385","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001367","volume":"152","author":"HC Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee HC, Strand ML, Finan E, et al. Part 5: Neonatal Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2025;152(16suppl2):S385\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001367.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1632_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020042010","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-042010","volume":"147","author":"MS Lindhard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindhard MS, Thim S, Laursen HS, Schram AW, Paltved C, Henriksen TB. Simulation-Based Neonatal Resuscitation Team Training: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2021;147(4):e2020042010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-042010.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1632_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.05.005","volume":"85","author":"K Stone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone K, Reid J, Caglar D, et al. Increasing pediatric resident simulated resuscitation performance: a standardized simulation-based curriculum. Resuscitation. 2014;85(8):1099\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.05.005.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"1632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009106","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009106.pub2","volume":"2015","author":"E Dempsey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dempsey E, Pammi M, Ryan AC, Barrington KJ. Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):CD009106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009106.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.04.019","volume":"93","author":"E Mduma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mduma E, Ersdal H, Svensen E, Kidanto H, Auestad B, Perlman J. Frequent brief on-site simulation training and reduction in 24-h neonatal mortality\u2013an educational intervention study. Resuscitation. 2015;93:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.04.019.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"1632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04373-3","volume":"181","author":"N Yousef","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yousef N, Moreau R, Soghier L. Simulation in neonatal care: towards a change in traditional training? Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(4):1429\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04373-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1581-3","volume":"19","author":"M Binotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Binotti M, Genoni G, Rizzollo S, et al. Simulation-based medical training for paediatric residents in Italy: a nationwide survey. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-019-1581-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"1632_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00013","volume":"7","author":"M Cutumisu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cutumisu M, Patel SD, Brown MRG, et al. RETAIN: A Board Game That Improves Neonatal Resuscitation Knowledge Retention. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00013.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317011","volume":"105","author":"SK Ghoman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghoman SK, Patel SD, Cutumisu M, et al. Serious games, a game changer in teaching neonatal resuscitation? A review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(1):98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317011.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"1632_CR10","unstructured":"The RETAIN board game. https:\/\/retainlabsmedical.com\/index.html. Accessed May 8, 2025."},{"key":"1632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110563","volume":"209","author":"MS Demirtas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demirtas MS, Kokulu K, Tunc G. Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Competency in Education: Performance evaluation of ChatGPT in the neonatal resuscitation program exam. Resuscitation. 2025;209:110563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2025.110563.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"9","key":"1632_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14217","volume":"330","author":"NH Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah NH, Entwistle D, Pfeffer MA. Creation and Adoption of Large Language Models in Medicine. JAMA. 2023;330(9):866\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.14217.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"1632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2024.151992","volume":"48","author":"RM Fortunov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fortunov RM, Cabacungan E, Barry JS, Jagarapu J. Artificial intelligence and informatics in neonatal resuscitation. Semin Perinatol. 2024;48(8):151992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2024.151992.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"1632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","volume":"388","author":"CJ Haug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haug CJ, Drazen JM. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Clinical Medicine, 2023. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(13):1201\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2302038.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000198","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","volume":"2","author":"TH Kung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digit Health. 2023;2(2):e0000198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198.","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"1632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110451","volume":"205","author":"K Kokulu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kokulu K, Demirta\u015f MS, Sert ET, Mutlu H. ChatGPT and pediatric advanced life support: A performance evaluation. Resuscitation. 2024;205:110451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110451.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"1632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad252","volume":"31","author":"TM Ben\u00edtez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez TM, Xu Y, Boudreau JD, et al. Harnessing the potential of large language models in medical education: promise and pitfalls. J Am Med Inf Assoc. 2024;31(3):776\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad252.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inf Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062254","volume":"12","author":"D Viderman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Viderman D, Abdildin YG, Batkuldinova K, Badenes R, Bilotta F. Artificial Intelligence in Resuscitation: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12062254.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"1632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184","volume":"388","author":"P Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee P, Bubeck S, Petro J. Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(13):1233\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1632_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55037","DOI":"10.2196\/55037","volume":"26","author":"C Pham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pham C, Govender R, Tehami S, Chavez S, Adepoju OE, Liaw W. ChatGPT\u2019s Performance in Cardiac Arrest and Bradycardia Simulations Using the American Heart Association\u2019s Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Guidelines: Exploratory Study. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e55037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55037.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1632_CR21","first-page":"96","volume":"26","author":"PR Jeffries","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeffries PR. A framework for designing, implementing, and evaluating simulations used as teaching strategies in nursing. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2005;26(2):96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Nurs Educ Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"1632_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700","volume":"333","author":"S Bedi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bedi S, Liu Y, Orr-Ewing L, et al. Testing and Evaluation of Health Care Applications of Large Language Models: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2025;333(4):319\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.21700.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1632_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072","volume":"10","author":"W Eppich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eppich W, Cheng A. Promoting Excellence and Reflective Learning in Simulation (PEARLS): development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simul Healthc. 2015;10(2):106\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000072.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1632_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000148","volume":"11","author":"T Sawyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawyer T, Eppich W, Brett-Fleegler M, Grant V, Cheng A. More Than One Way to Debrief: A Critical Review of Healthcare Simulation Debriefing Methods. Simul Healthc. 2016;11(3):209\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000148.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2017-000297","volume":"5","author":"R Endacott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Endacott R, Gale T, O\u2019Connor A, Dix S. Frameworks and quality measures used for debriefing in team-based simulation: a systematic review. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn. 2018;5(2):61\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjstel-2017-000297.","journal-title":"BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn"},{"issue":"1S","key":"1632_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000765","volume":"19","author":"JP Duff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duff JP, Morse KJ, Seelandt J, et al. Debriefing Methods for Simulation in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Simul Healthc. 2024;19(1S):S112\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000765.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2591-8200","volume":"43","author":"L Guo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Guo L, Sather NK, Khan N, Zinns LE, Havalad V, Brennan G. National Survey of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Fellows on Postresuscitation Debriefing. Am J Perinatol. 2026;43(1):72\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2591-8200.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1632_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000861","volume":"20","author":"E Hong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hong E, Kazmir S, Dylik B, et al. Exploring the Use of a Large Language Model in Simulation Debriefing: An Observational Simulation-Based Pilot Study. Simul Healthc. 2025;20(6):366\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000861.","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1632_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2022.151628","volume":"46","author":"LP Halamek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Halamek LP, Weiner GM. State-of-the art training in neonatal resuscitation. Semin Perinatol. 2022;46(6):151628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semperi.2022.151628.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151178","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.08.007","volume":"43","author":"LP Halamek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halamek LP, Cady RAH, Sterling MR. Using briefing, simulation and debriefing to improve human and system performance. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(8):151178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.08.007.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-024-01357-9","volume":"19","author":"S Reddy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reddy S. Generative AI in healthcare: an implementation science informed translational path on application, integration and governance. Implement Sci. 2024;19(1):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-024-01357-9.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.15402","volume":"58","author":"HC Lucas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lucas HC, Upperman JS, Robinson JR. A systematic review of large language models and their implications in medical education. Med Educ. 2024;58(11):1276\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.15402.","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"1632_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110484","volume":"207","author":"N Fija\u010dko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fija\u010dko N, \u0160tiglic G, Topaz M, Greif R. Using OpenAI\u2019s Text-to-video Model Sora to Generate Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Content. Resuscitation. 2025;207:110484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110484.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"21","key":"1632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.6571","volume":"333","author":"D Zeng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng D, Qin Y, Sheng B, Wong TY. DeepSeek\u2019s Low-Cost Adoption Across China\u2019s Hospital Systems: Too Fast, Too Soon? JAMA. 2025;333(21):1866\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.6571.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"24","key":"1632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13243184","volume":"13","author":"SM Navarro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Navarro SM, Atkinson AG, Donagay E, et al. Can a Generative Artificial Intelligence Model Be Used to Create Mass Casualty Incident Simulation Scenarios? A Feasibility Study. Healthc (Basel). 2025;13(24):3184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare13243184.","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1632_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231938","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.1938","volume":"4","author":"MM Mello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mello MM, Guha N. ChatGPT and Physicians\u2019 Malpractice Risk. JAMA Health Forum. 2023;4(5):e231938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.1938.","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"8","key":"1632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2425953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.2595","volume":"7","author":"SV Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah SV, Accuracy. Consistency, and Hallucination of Large Language Models When Analyzing Unstructured Clinical Notes in Electronic Medical Records. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2425953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.2595.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:59:48Z","timestamp":1784588388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01632-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"121"}}