{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:43Z","timestamp":1784851243665,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004102","name":"Laerdal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Road injury causes an estimated 1.19\u00a0million deaths annually and tens of millions of non-fatal injuries worldwide. Despite this burden, post-collision data remain fragmented across police, transport, and health sectors, impeding system-level improvement. The recently proposed Road Injury Chain of Survival framework provides a structure for mapping data needs across five sequential links: Early Recognition, Early Rescue, Early Initial Care, Early Transport, and Early Hospital Care &amp; Rehabilitation. This study aims to identify and describe national and major regional road injury datasets worldwide and to assess their coverage against a novel RICS-derived sub-indicator framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured, descriptive global audit was undertaken to identify and characterise national and major regional road injury datasets. Searches included government and institutional portals, international repositories, and peer-reviewed literature. Eligible datasets provided national or nationally aggregated information on road traffic collisions, injuries, or trauma care. Each dataset was assessed against 20 sub-indicators (four per chain link) using a three-point coding system: 1 (present), 0.5 (partial\/proxy), 0 (absent), or U (unverified).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 349 national and major regional road injury data systems were identified worldwide, representing 357 datasets after disaggregation of linked systems. Police crash databases were the most common data source across all income groups and were near-universal in low-income countries. Mortality-focused datasets predominated in lower-income countries while higher-income countries demonstrated greater diversity, including emergency medical services, fire and rescue, and trauma registry data. Formal cross-sector data linkage was rare, and most datasets were available only in aggregated form. Mapping to the Road Injury Chain of Survival showed that data were most frequently available for Early Recognition, with substantially less coverage for the remaining links in the chain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This global audit of road injury datasets reveals extensive fragmentation across the post-collision care continuum. Few systems link crash, rescue, prehospital, and hospital data, severely limiting opportunities for quality improvement and outcome evaluation. Development of harmonised, interoperable datasets aligned with the Road Injury Chain of Survival is essential to enable benchmarking, guide investment, and improve outcomes from road injury worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Pre-registered<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Open Science Framework:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/VXE6S\" ext-link-type=\"doi\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/VXE6S<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T09:06:08Z","timestamp":1779872768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global inventory and audit of road injury data systems: a descriptive study using the Road Injury Chain of Survival Framework"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0814-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Nutbeam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3699-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5040-3073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Stassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1633_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/road-traffic-injuries."},{"key":"1633_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.802058","volume":"119","author":"T Iwami","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iwami T, Nichol G, Hiraide A, et al. Continuous improvements in chain of survival increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a large-scale population-based study. Circulation. 2009;119:728\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.802058.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1633_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100624","volume":"18","author":"P Buaprasert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buaprasert P, Al-Araji R, Rajdev M, et al. The past, present, and future of the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES). Resusc Plus. 2024;18:100624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100624.","journal-title":"Resusc Plus"},{"key":"1633_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100666","volume":"19","author":"H Maurer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maurer H, Masterson S, Tjelmeland IBM, et al. EuReCa \u2013 The European Registry of Cardiac Arrest and the related studies. Resusc Plus. 2024;19:100666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resplu.2024.100666.","journal-title":"Resusc Plus"},{"key":"1633_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.07.001","volume":"2\u20133","author":"CG Moran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moran CG, Lecky F, Bouamra O, et al. Changing the System - Major Trauma Patients and Their Outcomes in the NHS (England) 2008\u201317. Eclinicalmedicine. 2018;2\u20133:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.07.001.","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"1633_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110288","volume":"201","author":"J-T Grasner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grasner J-T, Bray JE, Nolan JP, et al. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: 2024 update of the Utstein Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry template. Resuscitation. 2024;201:110288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110288.","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"1633_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nutbeam T, Stassen W. The road injury chain of survival: A framework for improving trauma outcomes. Injury. 2025;112285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2025.112285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2025.112285"},{"key":"1633_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107426","volume":"197","author":"A Soltani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soltani A, Edward Harrison J, Ryder C, et al. Police and hospital data linkage for traffic injury surveillance: A systematic review. Accid Anal Prev. 2024;197:107426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107426.","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"1633_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fenwick R, Rodgers L, Nutbeam T, et al. Global inventory and audit of road injury data systems: a descriptive study using the Road Injury Chain of Survival framework. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/VXE6S.","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/VXE6S"},{"key":"1633_CR10","unstructured":"International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group (IRTAD). | ITF. https:\/\/www.itf-oecd.org\/irtad (accessed 13 October 2025)."},{"key":"1633_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.03.034","volume":"52","author":"L Rosenkrantz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosenkrantz L, Schuurman N, Arenas C, et al. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to trauma registry development in resource-constrained settings: A survey of trauma registry stewards and researchers. Injury. 2021;52:2215\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2021.03.034.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"1633_CR12","unstructured":"WHO dataset for injury. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-dataset-for-injury (accessed 13 October 2025)."},{"key":"1633_CR13","unstructured":"Post-crash response. supporting those affected by road traffic crashes. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/post-crash-response-supporting-those-affected-by-road-traffic-crashes (accessed 13 October 2025)."}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T23:03:09Z","timestamp":1784847789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-026-01633-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-7241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-7241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not require ethical approval. It was a descriptive audit and systems mapping exercise based exclusively on publicly available information and published documentation describing national and major regional road injury data systems. No individual-level, identifiable, or confidential data were accessed, collected, or analysed, and no contact was made with human participants. As such, the study falls outside the remit of research requiring review by a research ethics committee, and informed consent was not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"126"}}